Analogs of pridopidine, their preparation and use

ABSTRACT

This invention also provides an impurity or a salt thereof for use, as a reference standard to detect trace amounts of the impurity in a pharmaceutical composition comprising pridopidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. This invention further provides a process for producing a pridopidine drug product comprising obtaining a pridopidine drug substance and. mixing the pridopidine drug substance with suitable excipients so as to produce the pridopidine drug product. This invention also provides a process for producing a pridopidine drug product. This invention also provides a process of distributing a pridopidine drug product.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/076,436, filed Nov. 6, 2014, and U.S. Provisional Application No.62/019,337, filed Jun. 30, 2014, the entire contents of which are herebyincorporated by reference herein.

Disclosures of the publications cited in this application in theirentireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application inorder to more fully describe the state of the art as of the date of theinvention described herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Pridopidine (ACR16, TV-7820, Huntexil) is a unique compound developedfor the treatment of patients with motor symptoms associated withHuntington's disease. Its chemical name is4-(3-(Methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1-propylpiperidine, and its ChemicalRegistry number is 882737-42-0 (U.S. Publication No.US-2013-0267552-A1). Processes of synthesis of pridopidine and apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.7,923,459. U.S. Pat. No. 6,903,120 disclosed pridopidine for thetreatment of Parkinson's disease, dyskinesias, dystonias, Tourette'sdisease, iatrogenic and non-iatrogenic psychoses and hallucinoses, moodand anxiety disorders, sleep disorder, autism spectrum disorder, ADHD,Huntington's disease, age-related cognitive impairment, and disordersrelated to alcohol abuse and narcotic substance abuse.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides an isolated compound having the structure:

or a salt thereof.

This invention also provides a composition comprising pridopidine and acompound which has the structure:

or a salt thereof, wherein the ratio of the weight of the compoundrelative to the weight of the pridopidine in the composition is from99:1 to 1:99.

This invention also provides a composition comprising a compound havingthe structure:

-   -   or a salt thereof, wherein the composition is free of        pridopidine or a salt thereof.

The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising anamount of pridopidine and at least one of Compound 1, Compound 2,Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, Compound 6, and Compound 7 wherein

-   -   a) Compound 1 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount not more than 10 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   b) Compound 2 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount not more than 10 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   c) Compound 3 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount not more than 10 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   d) Compound 4 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount not more than 10 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   e) Compound 5 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount not more than 10 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   f) Compound 6 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount not more than 10 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   g) Compound 7 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount not more than 10 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method.

This invention also provides a process for preparing Compound 1comprising the step of oxidizing4-hydroxy-4-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)-1-propylpiperidin-1-ium chloride withan oxidizing agent to form Compound 1.

This invention also provides a process for preparing Compound 2comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) reacting 3-bromothioanisole with ethyl        3-(4-oxopiperidin-1-yl)propanoate to form        1-(3-hydroxy-3,3-bis(3-(methylthio)phenyl)propyl)-4-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)piperidin-4-ol,    -   b) dehydrating the        1-(3-hydroxy-3,3-bis(3-(methylthio)phenyl)propyl)-4-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)piperidin-4-ol        formed in step a) with a dehydrating agent to obtain        1-(3,3-bis(3-(methylthio)phenyl)allyl)-4-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine,    -   c) oxidizing the        1-(3,3-bis(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)allyl)-4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)        phenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine formed in step b) with an        oxidizing agent to form        1-(3,3-bis(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)allyl)-4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine,        and    -   d) hydrogenating the        1-(3,3-bis(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)allyl)-4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)        phenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine formed in step c) with a        hydrogenating agent to form Compound 2.

This invention also provides a process for preparing Compound 3comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) reacting 3-bromo thiophenol and 1,4-dibromobutane to form        1,4-bis((3-bromophenyl)thio)butane,    -   b) oxidizing the 1,4-bis((3-bromophenyl)thio)butane formed in        step a) with an oxidizing agent to form        1,4-bis((3-bromophenyl)sulfonyl)butane,    -   c) reacting 4-pyridinylboronic acid with the        1,4-bis((3-bromophenyl)sulfonyl)butane formed in step b) to        obtain 1,4-bis((3-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)sulfonyl)butane,    -   d) reacting 1-iodopropane with        1,4-bis((3-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)sulfonyl)butane formed in        step c) to form        4,4′-((butane-1,4-diyldisulfonyl)bis(3,1-phenylene))bis(1-propylpyridin-1-ium)iodide,    -   e) adding a reducing agent to        4,4′-((butane-1,4-diyldisulfonyl)bis(3-phenylene))bis(propylpyridin-1-ium)iodide        formed in step d) to form        1,4-bis((3-(1-propyl-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)phenyl)sulfonyl)        butane, and    -   f) hydrogenating the        1,4-bis((3-(1-propyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)phenyl)sulfonyl)        butane formed in step e) with a hydrogenating agent to obtain        Compound 3.

This invention also provides a process for preparing Compound 4comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) epoxidizing        4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1-propyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine        with an epoxidizing agent to form        (1S,6S)-6-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-propyl-7-oxa-3-azabicyclo        [4.1.0]heptane, and    -   b) nucleophilically opening the epoxide of the        (1S,6S)-6-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-propyl-7-oxa-3-azabicyclo        [4.1.0]heptane of step a) with a nucleophile to obtain Compound        4.

This invention also provides a process for preparing Compound 5comprising the step of reacting pridopidine with a peroxide to obtainCompound 5.

This invention also provides a process for preparing Compound 6comprising the step of reacting 4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)piperidinewith 1-chloro-2-methylpentane to obtain Compound 6.

This invention also provides a process for preparing Compound 7comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) dehydrating        4-hydroxy-4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1-propylpiperidin-1-ium        chloride with a dehydrating agent to form        4-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)-1-propyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-ium        hydrogen sulfate,    -   b) oxidizing        4-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)-1-propyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-ium        hydrogen sulfate of step b) with an oxidizing agent to form        Compound 7. In one embodiment, the dehydrating agent is a strong        acid, preferably sulphuric acid. In another embodiment, the        dehydrating agent is a strong acid. In another embodiment, the        dehydrating agent is sulphuric acid. In another embodiment, the        oxidizing agent is a peroxide, preferably hydrogen peroxide. In        another embodiment, the oxidizing agent is a peroxide. In        another embodiment, the oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide.

This invention also provides a process for testing whether a sample of acomposition comprising pridopidine contains an undesirable impuritywhich comprises the step of determining whether the sample contains acompound having the structure:

This invention also provides a process for producing a pridopidine drugproduct comprising obtaining a pridopidine drug substance and mixing thepridopidine drug substance with suitable excipients so as to produce thepridopidine drug product, wherein the pridopidine drug substancecomprises:

-   -   i) an amount of Compound 1 in the pridopidine drug substance        that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 1, relative to the        concentration of pridopidine, or    -   ii) an amount of Compound 2 in the pridopidine drug substance        that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 2, relative to the        concentration of pridopidine, or    -   iii) an amount of Compound 3 in the pridopidine drug substance        that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 3, relative to the        concentration of pridopidine, or    -   iv) an amount of Compound 4 in the pridopidine drug substance        that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 4, relative to the        concentration of pridopidine, or    -   v) an amount of Compound 5 in the pridopidine drug substance        that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 5, relative to the        concentration of pridopidine,    -   vi) an amount of Compound 6 in the pridopidine drug substance        that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 6, relative to the        concentration of pridopidine.

This invention also provides a process for producing a pridopidine drugproduct for commercial sale comprising obtaining a batch of pridopidinedrug product that comprises:

-   -   i) an amount of Compound 1 in the batch of pridopidine drug        product that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 1, relative        to the concentration of pridopidine, or    -   ii) an amount of Compound 2 in the batch of pridopidine drug        product that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 2, relative        to the concentration of pridopidine, or    -   iii) an amount of Compound 3 in the batch of pridopidine drug        product that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 3, relative        to the concentration of pridopidine, or    -   iv) an amount of Compound 4 in the batch of pridopidine drug        product that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 4, relative        to the concentration of pridopidine, or    -   v) an amount of Compound 5 in the batch of pridopidine drug        product that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 5, relative        to the concentration of pridopidine, or    -   vi) an amount of Compound 6 in the batch of pridopidine drug        product that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 6, relative        to the concentration of pridopidine, and        preparing the batch of pridopidine drug product for commercial        sale.

This invention also provides a process of distributing a pridopidinedrug product comprising a pridopidine drug substance comprising,

-   -   a) obtaining the pridopidine drug product wherein the        pridopidine drug substance comprises:        -   i) an amount of Compound 1 in the pridopidine drug substance            that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 1, relative to            the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   ii) an amount of Compound 2 in the pridopidine drug            substance that is not more than 0.15 area-% a Compound 2,            relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   iii) an amount of Compound 3 in the pridopidine drug            substance that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 3,            relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   iv) an amount of Compound 4 in the pridopidine drug            substance that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 4,            relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   v) an amount of Compound 5 in the pridopidine drug substance            that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 5, relative to            the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   vi) an amount of Compound 6 in the pridopidine drug            substance that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 6,            relative to the concentration of pridopidine; and    -   b) distributing h pridopidine drug product comprising the        pridopidine drug substance.

This invention also provides a process of distributing a pridopidinedrug product comprising,

-   -   a) obtaining the pridopidine drug product that comprises:        -   i) an amount of Compound 1 in the pridopidine drug product            that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 1, relative to            the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   ii) an amount of Compound 2 in the pridopidine drug product            that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 2, relative to            the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   iii) an amount of Compound 3 in the pridopidine drug product            that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 3, relative to            the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   iv) an amount of Compound 4 in the pridopidine drug product            that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 4, relative to            the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   v) an amount of Compound 5 in the pridopidine drug product            that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 5, relative to            the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   vi) an amount of Compound 6 in the pridopidine drug product            that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 6, relative to            the concentration of pridopidine; and    -   b) distributing the pridopidine drug product.

This invention also provides an impurity or a salt thereof for use, as areference standard to detect trace amounts of the impurity in apharmaceutical composition comprising pridopidine or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, wherein the impurity is selected from the groupconsisting of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5and Compound 6.

This invention also provides a method of determining the concentrationof an impurity in a pharmaceutical composition comprising pridopidine,the method comprising,

-   -   a) preparing a sample solution from the pharmaceutical        composition,    -   b) preparing a diluent solution comprising methanol and water,    -   c) preparing a standard solution comprising pridopidine and the        diluent solution,    -   d) preparing a resolution solution comprising pridopidine and        the impurity,    -   e) preparing a buffer solution by dissolving ammonium formate in        water and adjusting to pH of 9.0±0.10 with aqueous ammonia        hydroxide or formic acid,    -   f) injecting into the HPLC the diluent solution, the resolution        solution, the standard solution, and the sample solution,    -   g) running the HPLC using ultraviolet absorption at 190-400 nm        or 268 nm and a mixture of the buffer solution, methanol and        water as the mobile phase,    -   h) determining the retention time (RT) and the areas of the        peaks of the impurity in the chromatograms of the sample        solution, and    -   i) performing quantitation of the impurity with respect to the        corresponding peaks in the chromatograms of the sample solution,    -   wherein the impurity is Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3,        Compound 4, Compound 5 or Compound 6.

This invention also provides a method of determining the concentrationof an impurity in a pharmaceutical composition comprising pridopidine,the method comprising

-   -   a) preparing a sample solution from the pharmaceutical        composition,    -   b) preparing a diluent solution comprising methanol and water,    -   c) preparing a standard solution comprising the impurity,    -   d) preparing a resolution solution comprising pridopidine and        the impurity,    -   e) preparing a buffer solution by dissolving ammonium formate in        water and adjusting to pH of 9.0±0.10 with aqueous ammonia        hydroxide or formic acid,    -   f) injecting into the HPLC the diluent solution, the resolution        solution, the standard solution, and the sample solution,    -   g) running the HPLC using ultraviolet absorption at 190-400 nm        or 268 nm and a mixture of the buffer solution, methanol and        water as the mobile phase,    -   h) determining the retention time (RT) and the areas of the        peaks of the impurity in the chromatograms of the sample        solution, and    -   i) performing quantitation of the impurity with respect to the        corresponding peaks in the chromatograms of the standard        solutions,    -   wherein the impurity is Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3,        Compound 4, Compound 5 or Compound 6.

This invention also provides a method of determining the concentrationof an impurity in a pharmaceutical composition comprising pridopidineand a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, the method comprising,

-   -   a) preparing a sample solution from the pharmaceutical        composition,    -   b) preparing a diluent solution comprising methanol and water,    -   c) preparing a standard solution comprising pridopidine and the        diluent solution,    -   d) preparing a resolution solution comprising pridopidine and        the impurity,    -   e) preparing a buffer solution by dissolving ammonium formate in        water and adjusting to pH of 9.0±0.10 with aqueous ammonia        hydroxide or formic acid,    -   f) injecting into the HPLC the diluent solution, the resolution        solution, the standard solution, and the sample solution,    -   g) running the HPLC using ultraviolet absorption at 190-400 nm        or 268 nm and a mixture of the buffer solution, methanol and        water as the mobile phase,    -   h) determining the retention time (RT) and the areas of the        peaks of the impurity in the chromatograms of the sample        solution, and    -   i) performing quantitation of the impurity with respect to the        corresponding peaks in the chromatograms of the sample solution,    -   wherein the impurity is Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3,        Compound 4, Compound 5 or Compound 6.

This invention also provides a method of determining the concentrationof an impurity in a pharmaceutical composition comprising pridopidineand a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, the method comprising,

-   -   a) preparing a sample solution from the pharmaceutical        composition,    -   b) preparing a diluent solution comprising methanol and water,    -   c) preparing a standard solution comprising the impurity,    -   d) preparing a resolution solution comprising pridopidine and        the impurity,    -   e) preparing a buffer solution by dissolving ammonium formate in        water and adjusting to pH of 9.0±0.10 with aqueous ammonia        hydroxide or formic acid,    -   f) injecting into the HPLC the diluent solution, the resolution        solution, the standard solution, and the sample solution,    -   g) running the HPLC using ultraviolet absorption at 190-400 nm        or 268 nm and a mixture of the buffer solution, methanol and        water as the mobile phase,    -   h) determining the retention time (RT) and the areas of the        peaks of the impurity in the chromatograms of the sample        solution, and    -   i) performing quantitation of the impurity with respect to the        corresponding peaks in the chromatograms of the standard        solutions,    -   wherein the impurity is Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3.        Compound 4, Compound 5 or Compound 6.

This invention also provides a method of treating a subject afflictedwith a neurodegenerative disease or a neurodegenerative disordercomprising administering to the subject the pharmaceutical composition.

This invention also provides a method of treating a subject afflictedwith Huntington's disease comprising administering to the subject thepharmaceutical composition.

This invention also provides a process for validating a batch of apharmaceutical product containing pridopidine or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier fordistribution comprising:

-   -   a) determining the amount of at least one of Compound 1,        Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, and Compound 6;        and    -   b) validating the batch for distribution only if        -   i) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15 area-%            Compound 1, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   ii) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15            area-% Compound 2, relative to the concentration of            pridopidine, or        -   iii) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15            area-% Compound 3, relative to the concentration of            pridopidine, or        -   iv) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15            area-% Compound 4, relative to the concentration of            pridopidine, or        -   v) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15 area-%            Compound 5, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   vi) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15            area-% Compound 6, relative to the concentration of            pridopidine.

This invention also provides a process for preparing a validatedpharmaceutical composition comprising pridopidine comprising:

-   -   a) obtaining a batch of pridopidine drug substance;    -   b) determining the amount of at least one of Compound 1,        Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, and Compound 6;        and    -   c) preparing the pharmaceutical composition from the batch only        if        -   i) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15%            Compound 1, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   ii) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15%            Compound 2, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   iii) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15%            Compound 3, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   iv) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15%            Compound 4, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   v) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15%            Compound 5, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   vi) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15%            Compound 6, relative to the concentration of pridopidine.

This invention also provides a process for preparing a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising pridopidine, comprising

-   -   a) obtaining a batch of pridopidine drug product;    -   b) performing stability testing with a sample of the batch;    -   c) determining the total amount of at least one of Compound 1,        Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, and Compound 6        in the sample of the batch after stability testing by an HPLC        method; and    -   d) preparing the pharmaceutical composition from the batch after        stability testing if the sample of the batch after stability        testing contains:        -   i) not more than 0.15% Compound 1, relative to the            concentration of pridopidine, or        -   ii) not more than 0.15% Compound 2, relative to the            concentration of pridopidine, or        -   iii) not more than 0.15% Compound 3, relative to the            concentration of pridopidine, or        -   iv) not more than 0.15% Compound 4, relative to the            concentration of pridopidine, or        -   v) not more than 0.15% Compound 5, relative to the            concentration of pridopidine, or        -   vi) not more than 0.15% Compound 6, relative to the            concentration of pridopidine.

This invention also provides an isolated compound having the structure:

or a salt thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: Typical Chromatogram of the control sample 1a.

FIG. 2: Typical Chromatogram of the control sample 2b.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides an isolated compound having the structure:

or a salt thereof.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the isolated compound has thestructure:

or a salt thereof.

In an embodiment, the isolated compound has the structure:

or a salt thereof.

In an embodiment, the isolated compound has the structure:

or a salt thereof.

In an embodiment, the isolated compound has the structure:

or a salt thereof.

In an embodiment, the isolated compound has the structure:

or a salt thereof.

This invention also provides a composition comprising pridopidine and acompound which has the structure:

or a salt thereof, wherein the ratio of the weight of the compoundrelative to the weight of the pridopidine in the composition is from99:1 to 1:99.

In an embodiment, the compound has the structure:

-   -   or a salt thereof.

In an embodiment, the ratio of the weight of the compound relative tothe weight of the pridopidine in the composition is from 90:10 to 10:90or 85:15 or 15:85.

This invention also provides a composition comprising a compound havingthe structure:

-   -   or a salt thereof, wherein the composition is free of        pridopidine or a salt thereof.

In an embodiment, the compound has the structure:

or a salt thereof.

In an embodiment, the compound has the structure:

or a salt thereof.

In an embodiment, the compound has the structure:

or a salt thereof.

In an embodiment, the compound has the structure:

or a salt thereof.

In an embodiment, the compound has the structure:

or a salt thereof.

In an embodiment, the compound has the structure:

or a salt thereof.

In an embodiment, the compound has the structure:

or a salt thereof.

The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising anamount of pridopidine and at least one of Compound 1, Compound 2,Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, Compound 6, and Compound 7 wherein

-   -   a) Compound 1 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount not more than 10 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   b) Compound 2 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount not more than 10 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   c) Compound 3 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount not more than 10 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   d) Compound 4 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount not more than 10 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   e) Compound 5 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount not more than 10 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   f) Compound 6 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount not more than 10 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   g) Compound 7 is present the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount not more than 10 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method.

In an embodiment,

-   -   a) Compound 1 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount not more than 0.15 area-% relative to the concentration        of pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   b) Compound 2 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount not more than 0.15 area-% relative to the concentration        of pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   c) Compound 3 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount not more than 0.15 area-% relative to the concentration        of pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   d) Compound 4 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount not more than 0.15 area-% relative to the concentration        of pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   e) Compound 5 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount not more than 0.15 area-% relative to the concentration        of pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   f) Compound 6 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount not more than 0.15 area-% relative to the concentration        of pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method.

In another embodiment,

-   -   a) Compound 1 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount greater than 0.01 area-%, and not more than 0.15 area-%        relative to the concentration of pridopidine, based on a        determination by an HPLC method, or    -   b) Compound 2 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount greater than 0.01 area-%, and not more than 0.15 area-%,        relative to the concentration of pridopidine, based on a        determination by an HPLC method, or    -   c) Compound 3 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount greater than 0.03 area-%, and not more than 0.15 area-%,        relative to the concentration of pridopidine, based on a        determination by an HPLC method, or    -   d) Compound 4 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount greater than 0.01 area-%, and not more than 0.15 area-%,        relative to the concentration of pridopidine, based on a        determination by an HPLC method, or    -   e) Compound 5 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount greater than 0.01 area-%, and not more than 0.15 area-%,        relative to the concentration of pridopidine, based on a        determination by an HPLC method, or    -   f) Compound 6 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount greater than 0.01 area-% and not more than 0.15 area-%,        relative to the concentration of pridopidine, based on a        determination by an HPLC method.

In another embodiment

-   -   a) Compound 1 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount less than 0.04 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   b) Compound 2 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount less than 0.05 area-%, relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   c) Compound 3 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount less than 0.05 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   d) Compound 4 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount less than 0.04 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   e) Compound 5 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount less than 0.04 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   f) Compound 6 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount less than 0.04 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method.

In another embodiment,

-   -   a) Compound 1 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount less than 0.01 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   b) Compound 2 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount less than 0.01 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   c) Compound 3 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount less than 0.03 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   d) Compound 4 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount less than 0.01 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   e) Compound 5 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount less than 0.01 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or    -   f) Compound 6 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an        amount less than 0.01 area-% relative to the concentration of        pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method.

In one embodiment, at least two of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3,Compound 4, Compound 5 and Compound 6 are present. In anotherembodiment, at least three of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3,Compound 4, Compound 5 and Compound 6 are present. In anotherembodiment, at least four of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3,Compound 4, Compound 5 and Compound 6 are present. In anotherembodiment, least five of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound4, Compound 5 and Compound 6 are present. In another embodiment,Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5 and Compound6 are present. In another embodiment, at least Compound 1 is present. Inanother embodiment, at least Compound 3 is present. In anotherembodiment, at least Compound 4 is present.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises pridopidinehydrochloride salt.

In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of acapsule, a tablet, or a liquid suspension. In another embodiment, thepharmaceutical composition is in an oral dosage unit form.

In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition the oral dosage unitform comprises between 22.5-315 mg pridopidine. In another embodiment,the oral dosage unit form comprises between 45-250 mg pridopidine. Inanother embodiment, the oral dosage unit form comprises between 45-135mg pridopidine. In another embodiment, the oral dosage unit formcomprises between 90-315 mg pridopidine. In another embodiment, the oraldosage unit form comprises about 22.5 mg pridopidine. In anotherembodiment, the oral dosage unit form comprises about 45 mg pridopidine.In another embodiment, the oral dosage unit form comprises about 67.5 mgpridopidine. In another embodiment the oral dosage unit form comprisesabout 90 mg pridopidine. In another embodiment, the oral unit dosageform comprises about 100 mg pridopidine. In another embodiment, the oraldosage unit form comprises about 112.5 mg pridopidine. In anotherembodiment, the oral dosage unit form comprises about 125 mgpridopidine. In another embodiment, the oral dosage unit form comprisesabout 135 mg pridopidine. In another embodiment, the oral dosage unitform comprises about 150 mg pridopidine. In another embodiment, the oraldosage unit form comprises about 180 mg pridopidine. In anotherembodiment, the oral dosage unit form comprises about 200 mgpridopidine. In another embodiment, the oral dosage unit form comprisesabout 250 mg pridopidine. In another embodiment, the oral dosage unitform comprises about 315 mg pridopidine. In another embodiment, the oraldosage unit form is prepared for once daily administration. In anotherembodiment, the oral dosage unit form is prepared for more than oncedaily administration.

This invention also provides a process for preparing Compound 1comprising the step of oxidizing4-hydroxy-4-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)-1-propylpiperidin-1-ium chloride withan oxidizing agent to form Compound 1. In one embodiment, the oxidizingagent is a peroxide, preferably hydrogen peroxide. In anotherembodiment, the oxidizing agent is a peroxide. In another embodiment,the oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide.

This invention also provides a process for preparing Compound 2comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) reacting 3-bromothioanisole with ethyl        3-(4-oxopiperidin-1-yl)propanoate to form        1-(3-hydroxy-3,3-bis(3-(methylthio)phenyl)propyl)-4-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)piperidin-4-ol,    -   b) dehydrating the        1-(3-hydroxy-3,3-bis(3-(methylthio)phenyl)propyl)-4-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)piperidin-4-ol        formed in step a) with a dehydrating agent to obtain        1-(3,3-bis(3-(methylthio)phenyl)allyl)-4-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine,    -   c) oxidizing the        1-(3,3-bis(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)allyl)-4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)        phenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine formed in step b) with an        oxidizing agent to form        1-(3,3-bis(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)allyl)-4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine,        and    -   d) hydrogenating the        1-(3,3-bis(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)allyl)-4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)        phenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine formed in step c) with a        hydrogenating agent to form Compound 2.

In one embodiment, the dehydrating agent is a strong acid, preferablysulfuric acid. In one embodiment, the dehydrating agent is a strongacid. In another embodiment, the dehydration agent is sulfuric acid. Inanother embodiment, the oxidizing agent is a peroxide. In anotherembodiment, the oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide. In anotherembodiment, the hydrogenating agent is hydrogen.

This invention also provides a process for preparing Compound 3comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) reacting 3-bromo thiophenol and 1,4-dibromobutane to form        1,4-bis((3-bromophenyl)thio)butane,    -   b) oxidizing the 1,4-bis((3-bromophenyl)thio)butane formed in        step a) with an oxidizing agent to form        1,4-bis((3-bromophenyl)sulfonyl)butane,    -   c) reacting 4-pyridinylboronic acid with the        1,4-bis((3-bromophenyl)sulfonyl)butane formed in step b) to        obtain 1,4-bis((3-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)sulfonyl)butane,    -   d) reacting 1-iodopropane with        1,4-bis((3-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)sulfonyl)butane formed in        step c) to form        4,4′-((butane-1,4-diyldisulfonyl)bis(3,1-phenylene))bis(1-propylpyridin-1-ium)iodide,    -   e) adding a reducing agent to        4,4′-((butane-1,4-diyldisulfonyl)bis(3,1-phenylene))bis(1-propylpyridin-1-ium)iodide        formed in step d) to form        1,4-bis((3-(1-propyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)phenyl)sulfonyl)        butane, and    -   f) hydrogenating the        1,4-bis((3-(1-propyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)phenyl)sulfonyl)        butane formed in step e) with a hydrogenating agent to obtain        Compound 3.

In one embodiment, the oxidizing agent is a peroxide, preferablyhydrogen peroxide. In another embodiment, the oxidizing agent is aperoxide. In another embodiment, the oxidizing agent is hydrogenperoxide. In another embodiment, the reducing agent is sodiumborohydride. In another embodiment, the hydrogenating agent is hydrogen.

This invention also provides a process for preparing Compound 4comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) epoxidizing        4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1-propyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine        with an epoxidizing agent to form        (1S,6S)-6-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-propyl-7-oxa-3-azabicyclo        [4.1.0]heptane, and    -   b) nucleophilically opening the epoxide of the        (1S,6S)-6-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-propyl-7-oxa-3-azabicyclo        [4.1.0]heptane of step a) with a nucleophile to obtain Compound        4.

In one embodiment, the epoxidizing agent is sodium bromate. In anotherembodiment, the nucleophile is hydrogen.

This invention also provides a process for preparing Compound 5comprising the step of reacting pridopidine with a peroxide to obtainCompound 5. In one embodiment, the peroxide is hydrogen peroxide.

This invention also provides a process for preparing Compound 6comprising the step of reacting 4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)piperidinewith 1-chloro-2-methylpentane to obtain Compound 6.

This invention also provides a process for preparing Compound 7comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) dehydrating        4-hydroxy-4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1-propylpiperidin-1-ium        chloride with a dehydrating agent to form        4-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)-1-propyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-ium        hydrogen sulfate,    -   b) oxidizing        4-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)-1-propyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-ium        hydrogen sulfate of step b) with an oxidizing agent to form        Compound 7.

In one embodiment, the dehydrating agent is a strong acid, preferablysulphuric acid. In another embodiment, the dehydrating agent is a strongacid. In another embodiment, the dehydrating agent is sulphuric acid. Inanother embodiment, the oxidizing agent is a peroxide, preferablyhydrogen peroxide. In another embodiment, the oxidizing agent is aperoxide. In another embodiment, the oxidizing agent is hydrogenperoxide.

This invention also provides a process for testing whether a sample of acomposition comprising pridopidine contains an undesirable impuritywhich comprises the step of determining whether the sample contains acompound having the structure:

This invention also provides a process for producing a pridopidine drugproduct comprising obtaining a pridopidine drug substance and mixing thepridopidine drug substance with suitable excipients so as to produce thepridopidine drug product, wherein the pridopidine drug substancecomprises:

-   -   i) an amount of Compound 1 in the pridopidine drug substance        that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 1, relative to the        concentration of pridopidine, or    -   ii) an amount of Compound 2 in the pridopidine drug substance        that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 2, relative to the        concentration of pridopidine, or    -   iii) an amount of Compound 3 in the pridopidine drug substance        that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 3, relative to the        concentration of pridopidine, or    -   iv) an amount of Compound 4 in the pridopidine drug substance        that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 4, relative to the        concentration of pridopidine, or    -   v) an amount of Compound 5 in the pridopidine drug substance        that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 5, relative to the        concentration of pridopidine, or    -   vi) an amount of Compound 6 in the pridopidine drug substance        that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 6, relative to the        concentration of pridopidine.

In one embodiment, the process further comprises determining the amountof the at least one of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4,Compound 5, and Compound 6 in the pridopidine drug substance. In anotherembodiment, the process further comprises determining the amount of theat least two of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound5, and Compound 6 in the pridopidine drug substance. In anotherembodiment, the process further comprises determining the amount of theat least three of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4,Compound 5, and Compound 6 in the pridopidine drug substance. In anotherembodiment, the process further comprises determining the amount of theat least four of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4,Compound 5, and Compound 6 in the pridopidine drug substance. In anotherembodiment, the process further comprises determining the amount of theat least five of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4,Compound 5, and Compound 6 in the pridopidine drug substance. In anotherembodiment, the process further comprises determining the amount ofCompound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, and Compound6 in the pridopidine drug substance. In another embodiment, the processfurther comprises subjecting a sample of the pridopidine drug substanceto stability testing before the step of determining the amount of the atleast one of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5,and Compound 6 in the pridopidine drug substance.

This invention also provides a process for producing a pridopidine drugproduct for commercial sale comprising obtaining a batch of pridopidinedrug product that comprises:

-   -   i) an amount of Compound 1 in the batch of pridopidine drug        product that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 1, relative        to the concentration of pridopidine, or    -   ii) an amount of Compound 2 in the batch of pridopidine drug        product that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 2, relative        to the concentration of pridopidine, or    -   iii) an amount of Compound 3 in the batch of pridopidine drug        product that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 3, relative        to the concentration of pridopidine, or    -   iv) an amount of Compound 4 in the batch of pridopidine drug        product that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 4, relative        to the concentration of pridopidine, or    -   v) an amount of Compound 5 in the batch of pridopidine drug        product that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 5, relative        to the concentration of pridopidine, or    -   vi) an amount of Compound 6 in the batch of pridopidine drug        product that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 6, relative        to the concentration of pridopidine, and        preparing the batch of pridopidine drug product for commercial        sale.

In an embodiment, the process further comprises determining the amountof the at least one of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4,Compound 5, and Compound 6 in the batch of pridopidine drug product. Inanother embodiment, the process further comprises determining the amountof the at least two of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4,Compound 5, and Compound 6 in the hatch of pridopidine drug product. Inan embodiment, the process further comprises determining the amount ofthe at least three of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4,Compound 5, and Compound 6 in the batch of pridopidine drug product. Inan embodiment, the process further comprises determining the amount ofthe at least four of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4,Compound 5, and Compound 6 in the batch of pridopidine drug product. Inan embodiment, the process further comprises determining the amount ofthe at least five of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4,Compound 5, and Compound 6 in the batch of pridopidine drug product. Inan embodiment, the process further comprises determining the amount ofCompound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, and Compound6 in the batch of pridopidine drug product. In another embodiment, theprocess further comprises subjecting a sample of the batch ofpridopidine drug product to stability testing before determining theamount of the at least one of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3,Compound 4, Compound 5, and Compound 6 in the sample of the batch ofpridopidine drug product.

This invention also provides a process of distributing a pridopidinedrug product comprising a pridopidine drug substance comprising,

-   -   a) obtaining the pridopidine drug product wherein the        pridopidine drug substance comprises:        -   i) an amount of Compound 1 in the pridopidine drug substance            that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 1, relative to            the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   ii) an amount of Compound 2 in the pridopidine drug            substance that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 2,            relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   iii) an amount of Compound 3 in the pridopidine drug            substance that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 3,            relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   iv) an amount of Compound 4 in the pridopidine drug            substance that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 4,            relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   v) an amount of Compound 5 in the pridopidine drug substance            that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 5, relative to            the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   vi) an amount of Compound 6 in the pridopidine drug            substance that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 6,            relative to the concentration of pridopidine; and    -   b) distributing the pridopidine drug product comprising the        pridopidine drug substance.

This invention also provides a process of distributing a pridopidinedrug product comprising,

-   -   a) obtaining the pridopidine drug product that comprises:        -   i) an amount of Compound 1 in the pridopidine drug product            that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 1, relative to            the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   ii) an amount of Compound 2 in the pridopidine drug product            that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 2, relative to            the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   iii) an amount of Compound 3 in the pridopidine drug product            that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 3, relative to            the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   iv) an amount of Compound 4 in the pridopidine drug product            that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 4, relative to            the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   v) an amount of Compound 5 in the pridopidine drug product            that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 5, relative to            the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   vi) an amount of Compound 6 in the pridopidine drug product            that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 6, relative to            the concentration of pridopidine; and    -   b) distributing the pridopidine drug product.

This invention also provides an impurity or a salt thereof for use, as areference standard to detect trace amounts of the impurity in apharmaceutical composition comprising pridopidine or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, wherein the impurity is selected from the groupconsisting of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5and Compound 6.

This invention also provides a method of determining the concentrationof an impurity in a pharmaceutical composition comprising pridopidine,the method comprising,

-   -   a) preparing a sample solution from the pharmaceutical        composition,    -   b) preparing a diluent solution comprising methanol and water,    -   c) preparing a standard solution comprising pridopidine and the        diluent solution,    -   d) preparing a resolution solution comprising pridopidine and        the impurity,    -   e) preparing a buffer solution by dissolving ammonium formate in        water and adjusting to pH of 9.0±0.10 with aqueous ammonia        hydroxide or formic acid,    -   f) injecting into the HPLC the diluent solution, the resolution        solution, the standard solution, and the sample solution,    -   g) running the HPLC using ultraviolet absorption at 190-400 nm        or 268 nm and a mixture of the buffer solution, methanol and        water as the mobile phase,    -   h) determining the retention time (RT) and the areas of the        peaks of the impurity in the chromatograms of the sample        solution, and    -   i) performing quantitation of the impurity with respect to the        corresponding peaks in the chromatograms of the sample solution,    -   wherein the impurity is Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3,        Compound 4, Compound 5 or Compound 6.

This invention also provides a method of determining the concentrationof an impurity in a pharmaceutical composition comprising pridopidine,the method comprising

-   -   a) preparing a sample solution from the pharmaceutical        composition,    -   b) preparing a diluent solution comprising methanol and water,    -   c) preparing a standard solution comprising the impurity,    -   d) preparing a resolution solution comprising pridopidine and        the impurity,    -   e) preparing a buffer solution by dissolving ammonium formate in        water and adjusting to pH of 9.0±0.10 with aqueous ammonia        hydroxide or formic acid,    -   f) injecting into the HPLC the diluent solution, the resolution        solution, the standard solution, and the sample solution,    -   g) running the HPLC using ultraviolet absorption at 190-400 nm        or 268 nm and a mixture of the buffer solution, methanol and        water as the mobile phase,    -   h) determining the retention time (RT) and the areas of the        peaks of the impurity in the chromatograms of the sample        solution, and    -   i) performing quantitation of the impurity with respect to the        corresponding peaks in the chromatograms of the standard        solutions,    -   wherein the impurity is Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3,        Compound 4, Compound 5 or Compound 6.

This invention also provides a method of determining the concentrationof an impurity in a pharmaceutical composition comprising pridopidineand a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, the method comprising,

-   -   a) preparing a sample solution from the pharmaceutical        composition,    -   b) preparing a diluent solution comprising methanol and water,    -   c) preparing a standard solution comprising pridopidine and the        diluent solution,    -   d) preparing a resolution solution comprising pridopidine and        the impurity,    -   e) preparing a buffer solution by dissolving ammonium formate in        water and adjusting to pH of 9.0±0.10 with aqueous ammonia        hydroxide or formic acid,    -   f) injecting into the HPLC the diluent solution, the resolution        solution, the standard solution, and the sample solution,    -   g) running the HPLC using ultraviolet absorption at 190-400 nm        or 268 nm and a mixture of the buffer solution, methanol and        water as the mobile phase,    -   h) determining the retention time (RT) and the areas of the        peaks of the impurity in the chromatograms of the sample        solution, and    -   i) performing quantitation of the impurity with respect to the        corresponding peaks in the chromatograms of the sample solution,    -   wherein the impurity is Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3,        Compound 4, Compound 5 or Compound 6.

This invention also provides a method of determining the concentrationof an impurity in a pharmaceutical composition comprising pridopidineand a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, the method comprising,

-   -   a) preparing a sample solution from the pharmaceutical        composition,    -   b) preparing a diluent solution comprising methanol and water,    -   c) preparing a standard solution comprising the impurity,    -   d) preparing a resolution solution comprising pridopidine and        the impurity,    -   e) preparing a buffer solution by dissolving ammonium formate in        water and adjusting to pH of 9.0±0.10 with aqueous ammonia        hydroxide or formic acid,    -   f) injecting into the HPLC the diluent solution, the resolution        solution, the standard solution, and the sample solution,    -   g) running the HPLC using ultraviolet absorption at 190-400 nm        or 268 nm and a mixture of the buffer solution, methanol and        water as the mobile phase,    -   h) determining the retention time (RT) and the areas of the        peaks of the impurity in the chromatograms of the sample        solution, and    -   i) performing quantitation of the impurity with respect to the        corresponding peaks in the chromatograms of the standard        solutions,    -   wherein the impurity is Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3,        Compound 4, Compound 5 or Compound 6.

This invention also provides a method of treating a subject afflictedwith a neurodegenerative disease or a neurodegenerative disordercomprising administering to the subject the pharmaceutical composition.

This invention also provides a method of treating a subject afflictedwith Huntington's disease comprising administering to the subject thepharmaceutical composition.

This invention also provides a process for validating a batch of apharmaceutical product containing pridopidine or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier fordistribution comprising:

-   -   a) determining the amount of at least one of Compound 1,        Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, and Compound 6;        and    -   b) validating the hatch for distribution only if        -   i) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15 area-%            Compound 1, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   ii) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15            area-% Compound 2, relative to the concentration of            pridopidine, or        -   iii) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15            area-% Compound 3, relative to the concentration of            pridopidine, or        -   iv) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15            area-% Compound 4, relative to the concentration of            pridopidine, or        -   v) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15 area-%            Compound 5, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   vi) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15            area-% Compound 6, relative to the concentration of            pridopidine.

This invention also provides a process for preparing a validatedpharmaceutical composition comprising pridopidine comprising:

-   -   a) obtaining a batch of pridopidine drug substance;    -   b) determining the amount of at least one of Compound 1,        Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, and Compound 6;        and    -   c) preparing the pharmaceutical composition from the batch only        if        -   i) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15%            Compound 1, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   ii) the hatch is determined to have not more than 0.15%            Compound 2, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   iii) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15            Compound 3, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   iv) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15%            Compound 4, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   v) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15%            Compound 5, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or        -   vi) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15%            Compound 6, relative to the concentration of pridopidine.

This invention also provides a process for preparing a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising pridopidine, comprising

-   -   a) obtaining a batch of pridopidine drug product;    -   b) performing stability testing with a sample of the batch;    -   c) determining the total amount of at least one of Compound 1,        Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, and Compound 6        in the sample of the batch after stability testing by an HPLC        method; and    -   d) preparing the pharmaceutical composition from the batch after        stability testing if the sample of the batch after stability        testing contains:        -   i) not more than 0.15% Compound 1, relative to the            concentration of pridopidine, or        -   ii) not more than 0.15% Compound 2, relative to the            concentration of pridopidine, or        -   iii) not more than 0.15% Compound 3, relative to the            concentration of pridopidine, or        -   iv) not more than 0.15% Compound 4, relative to the            concentration of pridopidine, or        -   v) not more than 0.15% Compound 5, relative to the            concentration of pridopidine, or        -   vi) not more than 0.15% Compound 6, relative to the            concentration of pridopidine.

In an embodiment, the process further comprising step e) distributingthe batch if in step d) the batch is validated for distribution.

This invention also provides an isolated compound having the structure:

or a salt thereof.

Each embodiment disclosed herein is contemplated as being applicable toeach of the other disclosed embodiments. Thus, all combinations of thevarious elements described herein are within the scope of the invention.

For example, the elements recited in the packaging and pharmaceuticalcomposition embodiments can be used in the method and use embodimentsdescribed herein.

Terms

As used herein, and unless stated otherwise, each of the following termsshall have the definition set forth below.

As used herein, “pridiopidine” means pridopidine base or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, including pridopidinehydrochloride. Preferably, in any embodiments of the invention asdescribed herein, the pridopidine is in the form of its hydrochloridesalt.

As used herein, “drug substance” refers to the active ingredient in adrug product or to the composition containing the active ingredientbefore it is formulated into in a drug product, which providespharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure,mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, or to affect thestructure or any function of the body of man or animals.

As used herein, “drug product” refers to the formulated or finisheddosage form containing the drug substance as well as at least onepharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

As used herein, an “isolated” compound is a compound isolated from thecrude reaction mixture following an affirmative act of isolation. Theact of isolation involves separating the compound from the other knowncomponents of the crude reaction mixture, with some impurities, unknownside products and residual amounts of the other known components of thecrude reaction mixture permitted to remain. Purification is an exampleof an affirmative act of isolation.

As used herein, “stability testing” refers to tests conducted atspecific time intervals and various environmental conditions (e.g.,temperature and humidity) to see if and to what extent a drug productdegrades over its designated shelf life time. The specific conditionsand time of the tests are such that they accelerate the conditions thedrug product is expected to encounter over its shelf life. For example,detailed requirements of stability testing for finished pharmaceuticalsare codified in 21 C.F.R § 211.166, the entire content of which ishereby incorporated by reference.

As used herein, “about” in the context of a numerical value or rangemeans±10% of the numerical value or range recited.

As used herein, “approximately” in the context of a numerical value orrange means±5% of the numerical value or range recited or claimed.

As used herein, an “amount” of a compound as measured in milligramsrefers to the milligrams of compound present in a preparation,regardless of the form of the preparation. An “amount of compound whichis 40 mg” means the amount of the compound in a preparation is 40 mg,regardless of the form of the preparation. Thus, when in the form with acarrier, the weight of the carrier necessary to provide a dose of 40 mgcompound would be greater than 40 mg due to the presence of the carrier.

As used herein, “treating” and “treatment” encompasses, e.g., inducinginhibition, regression, or stasis of a disease, disorder or condition,or ameliorating or alleviating a symptom of a disease, disorder orcondition. “Ameliorating” or “alleviating” a condition or state as usedherein shall mean to relieve or lessen the symptoms of that condition orstate. “Inhibition” of disease progression or disease complication in asubject as used herein means preventing or reducing the diseaseprogression and/or disease complication in the subject.

“Administering to the subject” means the giving of, dispensing of, orapplication of medicines, drugs, or remedies to a subject to relieve,cure, or reduce the symptoms associated with a condition, e.g., apathological condition.

The drug substance of the present invention, e.g., pridopidinehydrochloride, may be administered in admixture with suitablepharmaceutical diluents, extenders, excipients, or carriers(collectively referred to herein as a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier) suitably selected with respect to the intended form ofadministration and as consistent with conventional pharmaceuticalpractices.

Capsules or tablets may contain suitable binders, lubricants,disintegrating agents, diluents, coloring agents, flow-inducing agents,and melting agents.

A dosage unit of the compounds used in the method of the presentinvention may comprise a single compound or mixtures thereof withadditional therapeutic agents.

A “dose” or “dosage unit” of pridopidine as measured in milligramsrefers to the milligrams of pridopidine hydrochloride present in apreparation, regardless of the form of the preparation. A dosage unitmay comprise a single compound or mixtures of compounds thereof. Adosage unit can be prepared for oral dosage forms, such as tablets,capsules, pills, powders, and granules. For example, the “dose” or“dosage unit” of priopidine may be 22.5, 45, or 67.5 mg.

As used herein, a “pharmaceutically acceptable” component is one that issuitable for use with humans and/or animals without undue adverse sideeffects (such as toxicity, irritation, and allergic response)commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

The subject invention is also intended to include all isotopes of atomsoccurring on the compounds disclosed herein, including impurities.Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but differentmass numbers. By way of general example and without limitation, isotopesof hydrogen include tritium and deuterium. Isotopes of carbon includeC-13 and C-14.

As used herein, “detection limit” for an analytical method used inscreening or testing for the presence of a compound in a sample is athreshold under which the compound in a sample cannot be detected by theanalytical method used. The detection limits of a given HPLC method fordetecting an impurity in a sample containing pridopidine may vary basedon the method and the impurity or impurities being detected. Forexample, the detection limit of the typical HPLC method for detectingCompounds 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 is 0.01 area-% and the detecting limit fordetecting Compound 3 is 0.03 area-%.

As used herein, “quantitation limit” for an analytical method used inscreening or testing for the presence of a compound in a sample is athreshold under which the compound in a sample cannot be quantified bythe analytical method used. The quantitation limits of a given HPLCmethod for detecting an impurity in a sample containing pridopidine mayvary based on the impurity or impurities being detected. For example,the quantitation limit of the typical HPLC method for quantifyingCompounds 1, 4, 5, and 6 is 0.04 area-% and the quantitation limit forCompound 3 is 0.05 area-%. The quantitation limit for Compound 2 is 0.05area-%.

A characteristic of a compound refers to any quality that a compoundexhibits, e.g., peaks or retention times, as determined by 1H nuclearmagnetic spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, infrared, ultraviolet orfluorescence spectrophotometry, gas chromatography, thin layerchromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, elementalanalysis, Ames test, dissolution, stability and any other quality thatcan be determined by an analytical method. Once the characteristics of acompound are known, the information can be used to, for example, screenor test for the presence of the compound in a sample.

As used herein, “NMT” means no more than. As used herein, “LT” meansless than.

The amount of impurities are measured by reverse phase HPLC unlessotherwise specified.

As used herein, the term “effective amount” refers to the quantity of acomponent that is sufficient to yield a desired therapeutic responsewithout undue adverse side effects (such as toxicity, irritation, orallergic response) commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratiowhen used in the manner of this invention, i.e. a therapeuticallyeffective amount. The specific effective amount will vary with suchfactors as the particular condition being treated, the physicalcondition of the patient, the type of mammal being treated, the durationof the treatment, the nature of concurrent therapy (if any), and thespecific formulations employed and the structure of the compounds or itsderivatives.

As used herein, “preparing drug product for commercial sale” means anactivity undertaken in preparation for commercial sale. Examplesinclude, but are not limited to, coloring, coding, stamping, packagingthe drug product.

It is understood that where a parameter range is provided, all integerswithin that range, and tenths thereof, are also provided by theinvention. For example, “20-40 mg” includes 20.0 mg, 20.1 mg, 20.2 mg,20.3 mg. etc. up to 40.0 mg.

Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts

The active compounds for use according to the invention may be providedin any form suitable for the intended administration. Suitable formsinclude pharmaceutically (i.e. physiologically) acceptable salts, andpre- or prodrug forms of the compound of the invention.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts include, withoutlimitation, the non-toxic inorganic and organic acid addition salts suchas the hydrochloride, the hydrobromide, the nitrate, the perchlorate,the phosphate, the sulphate, the formate, the acetate, the aconate, theascorbate, the benzenesulphonate, the benzoate, the cinnamate, thecitrate, the embonate, the enantate, the fumarate, the glutamate, theglycolate, the lactate, the maleate, the malonate, the mandelate, themethane-sulphonate, the naphthalene-2-sulphonate, the phthalate, thesalicylate, the sorbate, the stearate, the succinate, the tartrate, thetoluene-p-sulphonate, and the like. Such salts may be formed byprocedures well known and described in the art.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

While the compounds for use according to the invention may beadministered in the form of the raw compound, it is preferred tointroduce the active ingredients, optionally in the form ofphysiologically acceptable salts, in a pharmaceutical compositiontogether with one or more adjuvants, excipients, carriers, buffers,diluents, and/or other customary pharmaceutical auxiliaries.

In an embodiment, the invention provides pharmaceutical compositionscomprising the active compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts orderivatives thereof, together with one or more pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers therefore, and, optionally, other therapeutic and/orprophylactic ingredients know and used in the art. The carrier(s) mustbe “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the otheringredients of the formulation and not harmful to the recipient thereof.

Table 1 shows the structures of Compounds 1-8.

TABLE 1 Compound 1 Potential Impurity in pridopidine.

4-(3- (methylsulfonyl)phenyl)- 1-propylpiperidin-4-ol Compound 2Potential impurity of pridopidine.

1-(3,3-bis(3- (methylsulfonyl)phenyl) propyl)-4-(3- (methylsulfonyl)phenyl)piperidone Compound 3 Potential impurity in pridopidine.

1,4-bis(((3-(1- propylpiperidin-4-yl) phenyl)sulfonyl)butane Compound 4Potential impurity in pridopidine.

(3R, 4S)-4-(3- (methylsulfonyl)pheny1)- 1-propylpiperidin-3-ol Compound5 Potential impurity in pridopidine.

4-(3- (methylsulfonyl)pheny1)- 1-propylpiperidine 1-oxide Compound 6

1-(2-methylpentyl)-4- (3- (methylsulfonyl)phenyl) piperidine Compound 7

4-(3- (methylsulfinyl)phenyl)- 1-propyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridineCompound 8

4-(3- (methylsulfonyl)phenyl)- 1-propyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine

This invention will be better understood by reference to theExperimental Details which follow, but those skilled in the art willreadily appreciate that the specific experiments detailed are onlyillustrative of the invention as described more fully in the claimswhich follow thereafter.

Experimental Details

EXAMPLES Example 1—Preparation of Compound 1(4-(3-ethylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1-propylpiperidin-4-ol)

To a suspension of4-hydroxy-4-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)-1-propylpiperidin-1-ium chloride (140g, 348 mmol) in 710 mL water were added 1.5 g sodium tungstatedihydrate, and the mixture was heated to 45° C. 102 mL of 33% H₂O₂ wereadded in 20 min at 45-55° C. The suspension dissolved after 20 mLaddition. The solution was then stirred at 48-51° C. for 30 min afterwhich HPLC showed no more starting material and two new peaks, one at RT2.68 min (82.3%©) and the other at RT 3.66 min (11.8%). After additionalstirring for 2 hr and 45 min HPLC showed that the peak at RT 2.68 mindecreases to 7.5% and the peak at RT 3.66 min increases to 88.5%©. Afteranother 45 min the mixture was cooled to 20° C. and into the reactionmixture were added 500 mL toluene and 150 mL˜5M NaOH. After stirring for5 min the mixture was poured into separator funnel. The solubility ofthe product in toluene is low. Majority of the product settled as veryviscous liquid layer in the bottom. The water phase (and most of theproduct) was separated, toluene phase was washed successively with 5%Na₂SO₃ solution and with brine and dried on MgSO₄. The water phase wasextracted with 500 mL DCM. The organic phase was washed successivelywith 5% Na₂SO₃ solution and water and was dried on MgSO₄. Both extractswere concentrated on a rotavapor. 500 mL of heptanes were added to bothresidues, and the suspensions were stirred at room temperature for 2hrs. The precipitates were filtered, washed with heptane and dried. Fromthe DCM extract were obtained 83.8 g of white powder, purity by HPLC98.8%, 1H-NMR assay 97.9%. (From the toluene extract were obtained 13.7g of white powder, purity by HPLC 98.0%).

NMR Identity Analysis of Compound 1

The following data in Tables 2 and 3 was determined using a sample of78.95 mg Compound 1, a solvent of 0.55 ml DMSO-D6, 99.9 atom % D, andthe instrument was a Bruker Advance III 400 MHz.

TABLE 2 Assignment of ¹H NMR^(a,c) ¹H Shift COSY cross HMBC cross (ppm)Integral Multiplicity Assignment peaks peaks 8.07 1 t, J = 1.7 Hz H5H1^(b), H3^(b) C1, C3, C4^(b), C6^(b), C8 7.82 1 d, J = 7.9 Hz H3 H2,H5^(b) C1, C4^(b), C5, C8 7.79 1 d, J = 7.9 Hz H1 H2, H5^(b) C3, C4^(b),C5 7.59 1 t, J = 7.9 Hz H2 H1, H3 C3, C4, C5^(b), C6, C8^(b) 5.08 1 sH17 — C8, C9, C13 3.21 3 s H18 — C6^(b) 2.67 2 d, J = 11.5 Hz H10, H12H10, H12, C8^(b), C9^(b), C10, H13, H9 C12, C13^(b) 2.37 2 t, J = 11.6Hz H10, H12 H10, H12, C8^(b), C9^(b), C10, H13, H9 C12, C13^(b), C142.28 2 t, J = 7.3 Hz H14 H15 C10, C12. C15, C16 1.97 2 dt, J = 12.5 and4.1 Hz H9, H13 H10, H12, C9, C10, C12, H13, H9 C13 1.60 2 d, J = 12.8 HzH9, H13 H10, H12, C8, C9, C13 H13, H9 1.46 2 hex, J = 7.5 Hz H15 H14,H16 C14, C15 0.87 3 t, J = 7.5 Hz H16 H15 C14, C15 ^(a)The assignment isbased on the coupling pattern of the signals, coupling constants andchemical shifts. ^(b)Weak signal. ^(c)Spectra is calibrated by thesolvent residual peak (2.5 ppm).

TABLE 3 Assignment of ¹³C NMR^(a,b) ¹³C Shift (ppm) Assignment 151.9 C4140.6 C6 130.1 C3 129.0 C2 124.9 C1 123.3 C5 70.0 C8 60.2 C14 49.0 C10,C12 43.6 C18 38.0 C9, C13 19.8 C15 12.0 C16 ^(a)The assignment is basedon the chemical shifts and 1H-13C couplings extracted from HSQC and HMBCexperiments. ^(b)Spectra is calibrated by a solvent peak (39.54 ppm)

Example 2—Preparation of Compound 2(1-(3,3-bis(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)propyl)-4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)piperidine) Preparation of ethyl3-(4-oxopiperidin-1-yl)-propanoate (Starting Material for Compound 2)

Ethanol (1550 mL) was poured into a 4 L three-necked round-bottom flaskequipped with over-head stirring followed by the addition of 125 g (814mmol, 1 eq) 4-piperidone monohydrate hydrochloride and 225 g (1628 mmol,2 eq) potassium carbonate. Ethyl 3-chloropropanoate (111 g, 1 eq) wasadded and the reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h after which HPLCshowed that the product reached only 10% area. Another 0.5 eq of K₂CO₃was added (56.2 g) and stirring continued at 24° C. After total of 45 hthe product reached 86% area (HPLC). Another 0.2 eq of K₂CO₃ was addedand the reaction mixture was stirred for additional 4.5 h at 35° C.after which HPLC showed 96% area of the product. The mixture wasfiltered through a sintered glass filter, washed with 200 ml ethanol andconcentrated on vacuum to 156 g yellow colored oil that was distilledunder vacuum of 2 mmHg in 156° C. bath. The main fraction distilled at120° C. to yield 97.8 g (60%) of 99.3% area (HPLC).

Preparation of1-(3-hydroxy-3,3-bis(3-(methylthio)phenyl)propyl)-4-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)piperidin-4-ol (Compound 2, 1st Intermediate)

3-Bromothioanisole (170.3 g; 0.84 mol, 3.2 eq) and THF (700 mL) werecharged to a 2 L flask, stirred under nitrogen and cooled on dryice/acetone bath to −74° C. A solution of n-hexyllithium in hexane (2.3M; 237.4 g; 0.77 mol, 3.0 eq) was added and the reaction mixture becameslightly yellowish. Stirring continued for additional 30 min at −74° C.A solution of ethyl 3-(4-oxopiperidin-1-yl)propanoate (50.2 g; 0.26 mol,1 eq) in THF (100 mL) was added during 1 h 15 min to the reactionmixture and the stirring continued for additional 30 min at −74° C. togive a yellow clear solution. The cooling stopped and the reactionwarmed to −40° C. A solution of HCl (33%; 90 g, 0.82 mol, 3.1 eq) inwater (10 mL) was added dropwise for 20 min to give a light yellowemulsion in +8° C. The light yellow organic phase was separated, washedwith water (3×200 mL) and extracted twice with aqueous HCl (33% HCl 40g/300 mL water) to give lower yellow phase (234 g). The organic upperlight yellow phase was evaporated up to 159 g solution and theprecipitate formed during concentration was filtered to give 19.1 gyellow sticky precipitate. The precipitate was combined with the loweryellow phase, methanol (50 mL) and THF (200 mL) were added and distilled(67° C., 248 g distilled). Heptane (200 mL was added, the two liquidphase was stirred for 20 min at 40° C. and cooled to RT. The upperheptane phase was discarded and water (200 mL) was added to the viscousyellow residue water. After stirring stopped the colorless water wasdecanted to leave 182 g of very viscous light yellow residue (HPLC: 82%area).

Preparation of1-(3,3-bis(3-methylthio)phenyl)allyl-4-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(Compound 2, 2nd Intermediate)

Into the viscous light yellow residue was added 2-propanol (200 mL) andthe reaction mixture was distilled at atmospheric pressure to give 200mL of azeotropic distillate, leaving dark yellow oil into which methanol(50 mL), 2-propanol (350 mL) and conc. sulfuric acid (36.5 g, 0.35 mol.1.35 eq) were added. The reaction mixture was heated for 26 hours(mixture temperature 81-84° C., vapor temperature 79° C.) and about 440mL of distillate were collected. At the end the temperature reached 87°C. and the reaction mixture was foaming. After cooling was added toluene(100 mL) and water (200 mL) and the reaction mixture was heated toreflux (87° C.). The heating stopped and after cooling three phases wereformed. The lower oily phase was washed with water (2×200 mL) andconcentrated by vacuum distillation to give dark yellow viscous residue.Water (300 mL) was added and the mixture was refluxed then cooled to 40°C. and water phase was decanted to leave about 200 g orange turbidliquid (HPLC: 82% area) which was used in the next step.

Preparation of1-(3,3-bis(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)allyl)-4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (Compound 2, 3rd Intermediate)

To the 200 g orange turbid liquid from the previous stage was added 500mL water, sodium tungstate dihydrate (2 g, 6 mmol) and concentratedsulfuric acid (20 mL). The mixture was heated to 35° C. and 33% H₂O₂ wasadded drop-wise in 1 h during which the yellow viscous mass on thebottom of the flask dissolved slowly and the temperature rose up to 55°C. then decreased slowly to 42° C. The reaction mixture was heated to50° C. for 2 hr and additional 32 g of 33% H₂O₂ were added. The reactioncontinued for another 4 h at 50° C. and additional 20 g of 33% H₂O₂ wereadded. After 2 h the reaction mixture was cooled down (25° C.) andalkalized to pH12 by 50% NaOH solution. Water (300 mL) was added andafter 20 min of mechanical stirring was discarded. Another 200 mL ofwater were added, stirred mechanically for 20 min and discarded to give158.2 g highly viscous yellow mass (HPLC: 75.4% area). This mass washeated for 30 min 4 times with butanol (200 mL@95° C., 200 mL@100° C.,400 mL@ 100° C. and 700 mL@ 114° C.) and twice with acetic acid (8 mLand 250 mL@95° C.) to give light brown oil that was used in the nextstep (114.9 g, HPLC: 89% area).

Preparation of1-(3,3-bis(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)propyl)-4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)piperidine (Compound 2)

The light brown oil from the previous stage (114.9 g, HPLC: 89% area)was added into a 2 L autoclave with 550 mL acetic acid and 10% Pd/Ccatalyst (25 g, 23.5 mmol). Hydrogen was introduced (120 psi) and thereaction was heated to 90° C. for 16 h. After cooling, the catalyst wasfiltered, washed with acetic acid (50 ml) and the clear yellowishfiltrate was concentrated in vacuum to give 134 g brown viscous residue(HPLC: 82% area). Water (300 ml) was added, made alkaline (40% NaOH,pH>12) and extracted with 120 mL dichloromethane that afterconcentration gave 77.2 g brown sticky mass (HPLC: 83% area). Theresidue was treated with butanol (5×100 mL, 95° C.), cooled down and thebutanol phase over an oily phase was filtered. A total of 74.9 g solidphase was resulted which was dissolved in 200 mL acetone and the clearyellow solution was evaporated to give 70.1 g dark yellow clear viscousresidue. The residue was treated with heptane (2×100 mL, 95° C.) whichwas cooled and decanted. After evaporation in a rotavapor a pale yellowfoamy solid was obtained (65.1 g, HPLC: 84% area). The solid wasdissolved in 200 mL dichloromethane, 85 g silica was added and themixture was evaporated and loaded on 1.32 Kg silica gel column which waseluted by dichloromethane with 0.5-3.0% methanol and 0.5% triethylamine.Compound 2 was isolated to give 25.8 g, HPLC: 93.2% area, 1H-NMR assay:91.2%.

NMR Identity Analysis of Compound 2

The following data in Tables 4 and 5 was determined using a sample of62.03 mg Compound 2, a solvent of 0.6 ml CDCl₃, 99.8 atom % D, and theinstrument was a Bruker Advance III 400 MHz.

TABLE 4 Assignment of ¹H NMR^(a,c) ¹H Shift COSY cross (ppm) IntegralMultiplicity Assignment peaks HMBC cross peaks 7.87 2 s H20 H22^(b),H24^(b) C16, C21^(b), C22, C24 7.72-7.80 4 m H1, H5, H22 H2, H23 C1, C3,C5, C8, C20, C24 7.47-7.56 6 m H2, H3, H23, H1, H3, H20, C1, C4, C5, C6,C8, H24 H22 C16, C19, C21, C20, C22, C24^(b) 4.33 1 t, J = 7.1 Hz H16H15 C14^(b), C15, C19, C20, C24 3.05 9 s H18, H25 — — 2.94 4 d, J = 11.5Hz H10, H12 H10, H12, C8, C9^(b), C10, C12, H9, H13 C13^(b) 2.53-2.62 1m H8 H9, H13 C3^(b), C4, C5^(b), C9, C13, C10^(b), C12^(b) 2.24-2.34 4 mH14, H15 H16 C10, C12, C14, C15, C16, C19 2.02 2 t, J = 11.5 Hz H10,H12, H10, H12, C8, C9^(b), C10, C12, H9, H13 C13^(b), C14 1.72-1.85 4 mH9, H13 H8, H10, H12 C4^(b), C8, C9, C10^(b), C12^(b), C13 ^(a)Theassignment is based on the coupling pattern of the signals, couplingconstants and chemical shifts. ^(b)Weak signal. ^(c)Spectra iscalibrated by the solvent residual peak (7.28 ppm).

TABLE 5 Assignment of ¹³C NMR^(a,b) ¹³C Shift (ppm) Assignment 148.0 C4145.5 C19 141.0 C21 140.6 C6 133.2 C24 132.3 C3 129.9 C23 129.5 C2 126.7C20 125.7 C22 125.6 C5 125.2 C1 55.9 C14 54.0 C10, C12 48.2 C16 44.51C18 44.48 C25 42.4 C8 32.3 C9, C13 31.8 C15 ^(a)The assignment is basedon the chemical shifts and 1H-13C couplings extracted from HSQC and HMBCexperiments. ^(b)Spectra is calibrated by a solvent peak (77.16 ppm)

Example 3—Preparation of Compound(1,4-bis((3-(1-propylpiperidin-4-yl)phenyl)sulfonyl)butane) Preparationof 1,4-bis((3-bromophenyl)thio)butane (Compound 3, 1st Int.)

KOH (56.2 g) was added into methanol (1200 mL) in 15 min. The clearsolution was cooled on water bath to 0° C. A solution of 3-bromothiophenol (150.2 g, 0.79 mol) in methanol (200 mL) was added in 50 minkeeping the temperature at 1-3° C. A solution of 1,4-dibromobutane (86.5g; 0.40 mol) in methanol (150 ml) was added in 40 min to give a yellowturbid mixture. After additional 4 hours stirring the reaction mixturebecame white turbid and it was stirred for additional 20 h at 25° C. Thesuspension was filtered and washed with water (3×100 mL) and methanol(2×100 mL) to give 239 g wet white solid that was dried to 163.6 g(94.6% yield, HPLC: 97.9%).

Preparation of 1,4-bis 3-bromophenyl)sulfonyl)butane (Compound 3, 2ndIntermediate)

To a solution of 1,4-bis-(3-bromophenylthio)-butane (155.0 g, 0.358 mol)in acetic acid (1500 mL) was added sodium tungstate dihydrate (2.5 g,0.0075 mol) and the suspension was heated on water-bath to 45° C. 50%H₂O₂ (300 mL, 5.28 mol) was added drop-wise into the reaction mixtureduring 3.5 h keeping the temperature at 45-55° C. The reaction mixturewas kept under stirring for additional 3 h at 45° C. and 16 h at 23° C.The off white slurry was filtered, washed with water (3×200 mL) anddried on air to give 179.6 g (99% crude yield, HPLC: 92.2% product, 7.1%by product). The crude product (175 g) was added to toluene (1400 mL)and heated to >85° C. for distillation. Distillation stopped when nomore water was distilled (180 mL toluene and 10 mL water). The clearreaction mixture was allowed to cool down and was filtered afterovernight stirring at ambient temperature. The bright colorless crystalswere washed (150 mL toluene) and dried to give 156.1 g product (86.7%yield, HPLC: product 96.0%, main by-product 3.5%).

Preparation of 1,4-bis((3-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)sulfonyl)butane (Compound3 3rd Intermediate)

To a solution of 1,4-Bis-((3-bromophenyl)-sulfonyl)-butane (92.0 g, 185mmol) and butanol (1.0 L) was added 4-pyridinylboronic acid (75.0 g, 610mmol), potassium carbonate (172 g, 1.24 mol) and the catalysttrans-dichlorobis-(triphenylphosphine) palladium (2.0 g; 2.8 mmol). Theviolet suspension was heated at stirring under nitrogen to 90-95° C.within 1 h. The reaction mixture became brown and heating continued formore 4 h. Additional 4-pyridinylboronic acid (3.5 g, 28 mmol) was addedand the reaction mixture heated up to 100° C. for 1 h. Heating stopped,water (600 mL) was added and the temperature dropped to 60° C. Theresulting dark gray suspension was stirred overnight at ambienttemperature and filtered (slowly). The filter cake was washed with water(100 mL) to give 153 g wet solid which was suspended in hot acetone (2×1L, 50° C.). The solid was then suspended with 0.5 L water at 65° C.followed by 2×1 L acetone suspension. The acetone solution were combinedand concentrated on a rotavapor to give 90.3 g pale yellow solid (yield:91%, HPLC: 91.8% area).

Preparation of4,4′-((butane-1,4-diyldisulfonyl)bis(3,1-phenylene))bis(1-propylpyridin-1-ium)iodide(Compound 3 4th Intermediate)

To a solution of 1,4-Bis-((3-(pyridin-4-yl)-phenyl)-sulfonyl)-butane(85.8 g, 160 mmol) and butanol (450 mL) was added 1-iodopropane (91.7 g,540 mmol). The stirring mixture was heated up to 90-95° C. in nitrogenatmosphere and kept at this temperature for 6 hours. The dark yellowslurry was then cooled down to room temperature and kept at thistemperature for 15 h. The yellow clear solution was then decanted andbutanol (300 mL) was added. The mixture was heated to 70° C. where itdissolved. Heating continued to 95° C. and light brown slurry appeared.The heating was stopped and the mixture cooled down to 40° C. The yellowcloudy liquid was decanted and a dark yellow solid mass was filtered togive 173.5 g (HPLC: 84% area) which was used as is in the next step.

Preparation of1,4-bis((3-(1-propyl-2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)phenyl)sulfonyl)butane (Compound 3, 5th Intermediate)

To the solid crude starting material (173.5 g from the previous stage)was added methanol (450 mL) and the mixture was heated to reflux to givedark yellowish red clear solution which after cooling gave two phases,the lower one weigh 150 g (HPLC: 88.4% area, yield corrected to area-%:131 g, 157 mmol). Methanol (400 mL) was added and the mixture was cooled(0° C.). Sodium borohydride (23.75 g, 624 mmol, 4 eq) was added and thereaction mixture was allowed to warm to RT and stirred for additional 9h. The workup includes concentrating filtrates and precipitating frombutanol and methanol, several slurries in butanol, extraction by hotbutanol from water and finally active carbon treatment to the productdissolved in hot butanol to give 63.0 g (HPLC: 85% area) which was usedas is in the next step.

Preparation of 1,4-bis((3-(1-propylpiperidine-4yl)phenyl)sulfonyl)butane(Compound 3)

The product from the previous step (60.0 g, 51 g as HPLC is 85% area, 87mmol) was added into an autoclave with 350 mL acetic acid. A suspensionof 10% Pd/C catalyst (10 g, 9.4 mmol) in water (80 mL) was added. Airwas exchange to nitrogen and then hydrogen was introduced (150 psi) andthe reaction was heated to 85° C. for 6 h. After cooling the catalystwas filtered, washed with acetic acid (2×30 mL) and water (2×30 mL) andconcentrated under vacuum to give 98 g of slightly brownish viscousresidue. The residue was dissolved with water (200 mL), filtered (toremove traces of charcoal) and washed with 50 mL water. To the slightlybrownish solution was added concentrated NaOH up to pH 13 and themixture was stirred for 30 m. The massive precipitation was filtered togive 78.1 g slightly beige wet solid. The wet solid was mixed with water(100 mL) and toluene (300 mL), heated up to 87° C. for 30 min and thedark yellow water phase was separated. The organic phase was filteredand cooled down to 30° C. After 4 h the slurry was filtered, washed with20 mL toluene and dried to give 40.8 g off-white solid (HPLC: 74.4%area). The solid was then suspended in toluene (260 mL) and water (40mL) and heated up to 85° C. The colorless water phase was separated andthe toluene phase was filtered, cooled down to 5° C. for 2 hr andfiltered to give after drying 38.0 g off-white solid (HPLC: 81.5% area).The solid was then crystallized twice from toluene (300 mL, heating to90° C., cooled to 3° C., filtered, washed with 30 mL toluene, dried) togive 31.2 g, HPLC: 96.9% area, 1H-NMR assay: 93.9%.

NMR Identity Analysis of Compound 3

The following data in Tables 6 and 7 was determined using a sample of47.82 mg Compound 3, a solvent of 1.0 ml DMSO-D6, 99.9 atom % D, and theinstrument was a Bruker Advance III 400 MHz.

TABLE 6 Assignment of ¹H NMR^(a,c) ¹H Shift COSY cross (ppm) IntegralMultiplicity Assignment peaks HMBC cross peaks 7.68-7.70 2 m H5 H1^(b),H3^(b) C1, C3, C8 7.66 2 dt, J = 7.5 and H1 H5^(b), H2 C3, C5 1.2 Hz7.63 2 d, J = 7.7 Hz H3 H2, H5^(b) C1, C5, C8 7.55 2 t, J = 7.5 Hz H2H1, H3 C1^(b), C3^(b), C4, C6 3.30-3.37 4 m H18 H19 C19 2.95 4 d, J =11.5 Hz H10, H12 H10, H12, C8^(b) H9, H13 2.61 2 t, J = 11.9 Hz H8 H9,H13 — 2.25 4 t, J = 7.2 Hz H14 H15 C10, C12, C15, C16 1.96 4 t, J = 11.9Hz H10, H12 H10, H12, — H9, H13 1.76 4 d, J = 12.6 Hz H9, H13 H8, H9,H10, — H12, H13 1.62-1.71 4 m H9, H13 H8, H9, H10, C10^(b), C12^(b),C9^(b), H12, H13 C13^(b) 1.59-1.65 4 m H19 H18 C19^(b) 1.43 4 sextet, J= 7.3 Hz H15 H14, H16 C14, C16 0.86 3 t, J = 7.2 Hz H16 H15 C14, C15^(a)The assignment is based on the coupling pattern of the signals,coupling constants and chemical shifts. Due to the low concentration ofdissolved material some expected HMBC signals were masked by backgroundnoise. ^(b)Weak signal. ^(c)Spectra is calibrated by the solventresidual peak (2.5 ppm).

TABLE 7 Assignment of ¹³C NMR^(a ,b) ¹³C Shift (ppm) Assignment 147.9 C6139.2 C4 132.2 C3 129.4 C2 125.7 C5 125.2 C1 60.2 C14 53.7 C10, C12, C1841.7 C8 32.8 C9, C13 20.7 C19 19.7 C15 11.9 C16 ^(a)The assignment isbased on the chemical shifts and 1H-13C couplings extracted from HSQCand HMBC experiments. ^(b)Spectra is calibrated by a solvent peak (39.54ppm).

Example 4—Preparation of Compound 4((3R,4S)-4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1-propylpiperidin-3-ol)Preparation of(1S,6S)-6-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-propyl-7-oxa-3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane

Into a 4 L reactor was added at room temperature Compound 8 (229 g, 820mmol, 1 eq) and 2N sulfuric acid (1147 mL, 112 g sulfuric acid, 1.147mol, 1.4 eq). The reaction light yellow mixture was stirred and sodiumbromate (126 g, 836 mmol, 1.02 eq) was added. The mixture became yellowand the temperature dropped (endothermic dissolution). After 30 min thereaction temperature reached 35° C. and heated further to 40° C. for 6 hto give dark yellow solution with precipitate in the bottom of reactor.Toluene (2 L) and NaOH (24%, 546 g, 131 g NaOH, 3.28 mol, 4.0 eq) wereadded and the reaction mixture was vigorously stirred for 1 hour at 42°C. The reaction mixture was then poured into a 4 L separation funnel.The dark water phase was discarded and the dark red organic phase waswashed with 1.1 L 5% sodium sulphite solution and 1 L 20% brine. Theorganic phase was then concentrated on a rotavapor (50° C., 90-65 mbar,finally at 45 mbar) to give 111 g dark red oil with crystals in theflask. A GC analysis (5 mg red oil dissolved in 0.6 ml toluene) showed53% area product, 29% and 5.2% area unknown peaks and 0.4% Compound 8.The product goes to the reduction in the next stage.

Preparation of(3S,4R)-4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1-propylpiperidin-3-ol (Compound 4)

The epoxide from the previous stage (111 g of 53% GC purity, 62.0 g, 210mmol, 1 eq) was dissolved in ethanol (1.2 L) for 1 h. The red coloredmixture was poured into 2 L Parr reactor and a solution of 10% Pd/C(14.6 g, dry) in ethanol (50 mL) was added. The mixture was reacted withhydrogen (4 bar) at 30° C. for 10 hr. Pd/C was filtered through a Celiteand the filtrate was concentrated in the rotavapor to give 108 g red oil(65% area product by GC). The product was added to 200 g silica gel,0.5% triethylamine in dichloromethane were added and the mixture wasconcentrated and loaded on a column with 620 g silica gel. Thepurification was done with 0.5% triethylamine in dichloromethane to give28 g hard residue (97.0% area by GC). The residue was heated to refluxin 34 mL dichloromethane until complete dissolution to give clear redsolution which was cooled slowly with parallel removal of some solventby nitrogen flow over the solvent. The precipitation was filtered andwashed with dichloromethane (5 mL) to give 20 g white solid, HPLC: 99.0%area, 1H-NMR assay: 99.4%.

NMR Identity Analysis of Compound 4

The following data in Tables 8 and 9 was determined using a sample of54.06 mg Compound 4, a solvent of 0.55 ml DMSO-D6, 99.9 atom % D, andthe instrument was a Bruker Advance III 400 MHz.

TABLE 8 Assignment of ¹H NMR^(a,c) ¹H Shift COSY cross (ppm) IntegralMultiplicity Assignment peaks HMBC cross peaks 7.85 1 s H5 H1^(b),H2^(b), H3^(b) C1, C3, C8 7.75 1 d, J = 7.9 Hz H1 H2 H3^(b), H5^(b) C5,C3, C2^(b) 7.65 1 d, J = 7.7 Hz H3 H2, H1^(b), H5^(b) C1, C5, C8 7.55 1t, J = 7.6 Hz H2 H1, H3, H5^(b) C4, C6 4.15 1 d, J = 7.5 Hz H17 H13C12^(b), C13 3.78 1 d, J = 6.6 Hz H13 H12^(b), H17 C9^(b) 3.18 3 s H18 —C6 2.92-2.97 2 m H10, H12 H9, H10, H12 C8, C10, C13^(b) 2.76 1 dt, J =13.0 and H8 H9 C3^(b), C4, C5^(b) 3.3 Hz 2.19-2.32 3 m H14, H9 H9, H10,H15 C10, C12, C15, C16 2.16 1 d, J = 11.5 Hz H12 H12 C10, C14 2.00 1 t,J = 11.2 Hz H10 H9, H10 C8^(b), C12 1.54 1 d, J = 12.3 Hz H9 H9, H10C13^(b) 1.46 2 sextet, J = 7.3 Hz H15 H14, H16 C14, C16 0.88 3 t, J =7.3 Hz H16 H15 C14, C15 ^(a)The assignment is based on the couplingpattern of the signals, coupling constants and chemical shifts. ^(b)Weaksignal. ^(c)Spectra is calibrated by the solvent residual peak (2.5ppm).

TABLE 9 Assignment of ¹³C NMR^(a,b) ¹³C Shift (ppm) Assignment 145.6 C4140.4 C6 133.3 C3 128.8 C2 126.3 C5 124.4 C1 67.8 C13 60.1 C12 59.8 C1453.3 C10 45.6 C8 43.6 C18 25.2 C9 19.3 C15 11.9 C16 ^(a)The assignmentis based on the chemical shifts and 1H-13C couplings extracted from HSQCand HMBC experiments. ^(b)Spectra is calibrated by a solvent peak (39.54ppm)

Example 5—Preparation of Compound 5(4-(3-methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1-propylpiperidine 1-oxide)

Pridopidine (50.0 g, 178 mmol, 1 eq) was dissolved in methanol (250 mL)and 33% hydrogen peroxide (20 mL, 213 mmol, 1.2 eq). The reactionmixture was heated and kept at 40° C. for 20 h. The reaction mixture wasthen concentrated in a rotavapor to give 71 g light-yellow oil. Water(400 mL) was added and the suspension was extracted with isopropylacetate (150 mL) which after separation contains unreacted pridopidinewhile water phase contains 91% area of Compound 5 (HPLC). The productwas then washed with dichloromethane (400 mL) after adjusting the waterphase pH to 9 by sodium hydroxide. After phase separation the waterphase was washed again with dichloromethane (200 mL) to give 100% areaof Compound 5 in the water phase (HPLC). The product was then extractedfrom the water phase into butanol (1×400 mL, 3×200 ml) and the butanolphases were combined and concentrated in a rotavapor to give 80 g yellowoil (HPLC: 100% area of Compound 5). The oil was washed with water (150mL) to remove salts and the water was extracted with butanol. Theorganic phases were combined and concentrated in a rotavapor to give 43g of white solid which was suspended in MTBE for 1 hr, filtered anddried to give 33 g solid that was melted when standing on air. Afterhigh vacuum drying (2 mbar, 60° C., 2.5 h) 32.23 g pure Compound 5 wereobtained (HPLC: 99.5% area, 1H-NMR assay: 97.4%).

NMR Identity Analysis of Compound 5

The following data in Tables 10 and 11 was determined using a sample of63.06 mg Compound 5, a solvent of 1.2 ml DMSO-D6, 99.9 atom % D, and theinstrument was a Bruker Advance III 400 MHz.

TABLE 10 Assignment of ¹H NMR^(a,c) ¹H Shift COSY cross (ppm) IntegralMultiplicity Assignment peaks HMBC cross peaks 7.81 1 bs H5 — C1, C3, C87.78-7.80 1 m H1 H2 C3, C5 7.63-7.66 1 m H3 H2 C1, C4^(b), C5, C87.59-7.63 1 m H2 H1, H3 C1^(b), C4, C6 3.27 2 t, J = 11.2 Hz H10, H12H9, H10, H12, C8, C9, C13 H13 3.23 3 s H18 — C1^(b), C6 3.07-3.11 2 mH14 H15 C10, C12, C15, C16 3.02 2 d, d = 13.1 Hz H10, H12 H9, H10, H12,C8, C9^(b), C13^(b) H13 2.81 1 t, J = 12.7 Hz H8 H9, H13 C3b, C4, C5b,C9, C13, C10, C12 2.39-2.50 2 m H9, H13 H8, H9, H10, C4, C8, C10, H12,H13 C12, C9, C13 1.79-1.89 2 m H15 H14, H16 C14, C16 1.64 2 d, J = 12.8Hz H9, H13 H8^(b), H9, C4b, C8b, C10b, H10^(b), H12^(b), C12b H13 0.90 3t, J = 7.5 Hz H16 H15 C14, C15 ^(a)The assignment is based on thecoupling pattern of the signals, coupling constants and chemical shifts.^(b)Weak signal. ^(c)Spectra is calibrated by the solvent residual peak(2.5 ppm).

TABLE 11 Assignment of ¹³C NMR^(a,b) ¹³C Shift (ppm) Assignment 146.9 C4141.0 C6 132.1 C3 129.6 C2 125.0 C1 124.9 C5 72.4 C14 63.4 C10, C12 43.5C18 39.4 C8 27.3 C9, C13 15.1 C15 11.3 C16 ^(a)The assignment is basedon the chemical shifts and 1H-13C couplings extracted from HSQC and HMBCexperiments. ^(b)Spectra is calibrated by a solvent peak (39.54 ppm)

Example 6—Preparation of Compound 6(1-(2-methylpentyl)-4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)piperidine)

Into a 1 L autoclave was added KI (28.4 g, 171 mmol 1 eq) and potassiumcarbonate (47.4 g, 343 mmol, 2 eq).4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)piperidine (41 g, 171 mmol, 1 eq) wasdissolved in acetonitrile (420 mL) and the mixture was added into theautoclave followed by 1-chloro-2-methylpentane (25.8 mL, 188 mmol, 1.1eq). The autoclave was closed and the reaction mixture was heated undernitrogen atmosphere to 1.20° C. for 30 hr. The reaction mixture wascooled down and filtered. The cake was washed with acetonitrile and thefiltrate was concentrated in vacuum to give 70 g crude product with thefollowing HPLC areas: 60% of Compound 6, 1% of4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)piperidine and 10% of a by-product. Thecrude product was dissolved in toluene (350 ml) and about 20 g solidmaterial was filtered. The toluene phase was washed with water (200 mL)and concentrated in a rotavapor to give 35.5 g (73% area of product byHPLC). The residue was then dissolved in ethyl acetate (180 mL) andcooled on ice bath. Into the reaction mixture was then added 33 mL of18% HCl solution in ethyl acetate in 1 hr and the mixture was stirredfor an additional 1 h. The precipitate that was formed was thenfiltered, washed with ethyl acetate and dried to give 36.3 g white solid(HPLC: 94% area. The product was recrystallized by dissolving inmethanol (290 mL), heating to 70° C., adding ethyl acetate (400 mL) andcooling to room temperature. The precipitate was filtered, washed withethyl acetate (60 mL) and dried in vacuum at 50° C. to give 28.3 gCompound 6 (HPLC: 99.5% area, 1H-NMR assay: 99.6%).

NMR Identity Analysis of Compound 6

The following data in Tables 12 and 13 was determined using a sample of33.93 mg Compound 6, a solvent of 8 ml DMSO-D6, 99.9 atom % D, and theinstrument was a Bruker Advance III 400 MHz. Two conformers (ca 10:1) atroom temperature are observed. Due to the overlap of proton signals ofthe major and minor conformers and relatively weak signal of the minorisomer in 2D speactra only some of the peaks of minor isomer on 1Hspectra and corresponding 1H-1H COSY cross peaks are given. Due to thelow solubility of the material in D6-DMSO some of the expected HMBCsignals are masked by background noise.

TABLE 12 Assignment of ¹H NMR^(a,c) ¹H Shift COSY cross (ppm) IntegralMultiplicity Assignment peaks HMBC cross peaks 9.88 1 bs NH H10, H12, —H14 7.79-7.84 2 m H1, H5 H2, H3 C1, C3, C5, C8 7.62-7.66 2 m H2, H3 H1,H5 C1, C4, C5, C6, C8^(b) 3.53-3.63 2 m H10, H12 H10, H12 — 3.23 3 s H18— C5^(b), C6 2.87-3.11 5 m H8, H10, H12, H9, H10, H12, C9, C12^(b), C13,C15, H14 H13, H15 C16, C19^(b) 2.17-2.34 2 m H9, H13 H8, H9, H10, — H12,H13 1.94-2.02 3 m H9, H13, H15 H8, H9, H10, — H12, H14, H19, H161.22-1.45 3 m H19, H20 H15, H19, C20 H20, H21 1.10-1.21 1 m H19 H15, H20C16, C20, C21 1.02 3 d, J = 6.7 Hz H16 H15 C14, C15, C19 0.90 3 t, J =6.S Hz H21 H20 C19, C20 Minor isomer 10.14  1 bs NH H10, H12 — 7.88 1 sH5 — — 7.75 1 d, J = S.5 Hz H1 H2 — 3.24-3.31 4 m H10, H12 H9, H13 —1.86-1.84 3 m H9, H13, H15 H10, H12, — H16 ^(a)The assignment is basedon the coupling pattern of the signals, coupling constants and chemicalshifts. ^(b)Weak signal. ^(c)Spectra is calibrated by the solventresidual peak (2.5 ppm).

TABLE 13 Assignment of ¹³C NMR^(a,b) ¹³C Shift (ppm) Assignment 145.9 C4141.1 C6 131.9 C3 129.8 C2 125.3 C1 124.9 C5 62.5 C14 53.1 C10 51.8 C1243.5 C18 38.5 C8 36.4 C19 29.20 and 29.24 C9, C13 27.5 C15 19.1 C20 18.0C16 14.0 C21 ^(a)The assignment is based on the chemical shifts and1H-13C couplings extracted from HSQC and HMBC experiments. ^(b)Spectrais calibrated by a solvent peak (39.54 ppm)

Example 7—Preparation of Compound 7(4-(3-methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1-propyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)

Sulfuric acid (42.23 g, 0.431 mol, 1 eq) was added to a mixture of4-hydroxy-4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1-propylpiperidin-1-ium chloride(130 g, 0.431 mo, 1 eq) and toluene (650 mL) at room temperature. Theresulting two-phase solution was refluxed for 1 hour and HPLC showedthat the product reached 95% area. The reaction mixture was cooled downto 20° C. and the toluene phase was decanted to give viscous residuethat was diluted with water (600 mL) and neutralized with 2N NaOH topH-4.2. Hydrogen peroxide (50%, 32.21 g, 0.474 mol, 1.1 eq) was addeddropwise to the water phase and the mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 1h after which the product reached 96% area (HPLC).

Toluene (600 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and made basic firstwith 25% NaOH (60 g) and finally with 10% NaOH up to pH 12. The phaseswere separated and the water phase was re-extracted with toluene (2×100mL). The combined toluene phases were washed with 5% sodium sulfite (150mL), brine (150 mL) and water (150 mL). The toluene phase was thenconcentrated under vacuum on a rotavapor to give 111.3 g oil (HPLC area:96.6%). Methanol (50 mL) was added to the residue and it was filteredand cooled down on ice batch. Dry HCl in ethyl acetate was added up topH 1-2 (120 mL) and 100 mL of ethyl ether were added to give two phasesmixture. The mixture was seeded with the product and precipitationstarted. The reaction mixture was stirred on ice bath (2-5° C.) foradditional 1 h, filtered and washed with 1/3 ethyl acetate/ether mixture(100 mL) to give 140 g of very hygroscopic light yellow solid that wasdried on a rotavapor for 2 h and stored under nitrogen in deep freeze.The dry4-(3-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl)-1-propyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-HCl isslightly yellowish solid (94.1 g, 79% yield, HPLC (254 nm): 96.3% area,1H-NMR assay: 97.5%).

NMR Identity Analysis of Compound 7

The following data in Tables 14 and 15 was determined using a sample ofCompound 7, a solvent of CDCl₃, and the instruments were a Bruker AMX500and Advance III 800 MHz instrument.

TABLE 14 Assignment of ¹H NMR^(a) ¹H Shift ¹H Shift COSY cross (ppm)(ppm)^(b) Integral Multiplicity Assignment peaks 2.63 2.66 2 t, 2 × 5.7to H3 H2 H3 2.51 2.55 2 m H3 H2, H5, H6 6.10 6.13 1 tt, 2 × 3.6 to H6, 2× 1.5 H5 H3, H6 to H3 3.09 3.13 2 m H6 H3, H5 2.35 2.39 2 m H7 H8 1.511.54 2 m H8 H7, H9 0.86 0.89 3 t, 2 × 7.4 to H8 H9 H8 7.60 7.49 1 dt,0.4 to H5′, 2 × 1.8 to H2′ H4′, H5′, H6′ H4′ and H6′ 7.37 7.40 1 ddd,1.4 to H6′, 1.8 to H4′ H2′, H5′, H6′ H5′, 7.6 to H2′ 7.36 7.37 1 dt, 0.4to H2′, 2 × 7.6 to H5′ H2′ H4′, H6′ H4′ and H6′ 7.41 7.44 1 ddd, 1.4 toH4′, 1.8 to H6′ H2′, H4′, H5′ H5′, 7.6 to H2′ 2.62 2.66 3 s H7′ —^(a)Spectra is calibrated by the solvent residual peak (2.5 ppm).^(b)after addition of small amount of C₆D₆

TABLE 15 Assignment of ¹³C NMR^(a,) ¹³C Shift HMBC ¹H ¹³C Shift HMBC ¹H(ppm) Assignment cross peaks (ppm) Assignment cross peaks 49.89 C2 C4,6, 7 142.00 C1’ — 27.68 C3 C2, 4, 5 119.41 C2’ C4, 6, 3’, 4’ 133.67 C4 —145.52 C3’ — 123.57 C5 C3, 6, 1’ 121.51 C4’ C2’6’ 52.90 C6 C2, 4, 5, 7128.97 C5’ — 60.04 C7 C2, 6, 8, 9 127.19 C6’ C2’, 4’, 4 20.02 C8 C7, 943.70 C7’ 3’ 11.72 C9 C7, 8 ^(a)Spectra is calibrated by a solvent peak(77.0 ppm)

Example 8—Analysis of the Amounts of Compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 in aSample of Pridopidine Drug Substance

Compounds 1-7 are useful to determine the purity of a pridopidinecontaining composition.

The procedure used for determination of assay and related substances inpridopidine HCl is a reverse phase HPLC method using X-bridge phenylcolumn (or equivalent) and gradient elution with UV detection at 268 nm.The mobile phase consists of a mixture of methanol and ammonium formatebuffer.

Apparatus

HPLC with gradient pump, column thermostat and UV-detector, Column:Waters, X-bridge Phenyl, 75×4.6 mm, 2.5 μm: or an equivalent column.

Analytical Instruction

Reagents and Solutions

Solvents: Methanol. HPLC grade, Water, MilliQ-water or equivalent

Reagents: Ammonium formate, purum; Ammonium hydroxide, 30% A.C.S; Formicacid, pa Ammonium formate buffer, 1.00 mM, pH 8.90-9.10: Weigh 6.3-6.4 gammonium formate accurately, into a 1000 mL volumetric flask and add 2.5ml 30% ammonium hydroxide solution. Dissolve and dilute withmilliQ-water to 900 mL. Measure the pH of the solution. The pH should bebetween 8.90 and 9.10, otherwise adjust with ammonium hydroxide orformic acid. Dilute to volume and filter through a 0.45 μm HVLP-filter.

Reference substances: Control Sample 1a: (pridopidine) (see FIG. 1;Control Sample 2b (Compound 5, Compound 1, Compound 4, pridopidine,Compound 8, Compound 2, Compound 6, Compound 3)

TABLE 16 Phase Solvent Amount Mobile phase A Ammonium formate buffer,100 mM, pH 9.0 100 mL MilliQ-water 900 mL Mobile phase B Ammoniumformate buffer, 100 mM, pH 9.0 100 mL MilliQ-water  50 mL Methanol 850mL Dilution phase Methanol 150 mL MilliQ-water 850 mL

TABLE 17 Analytical conditions Flow 0.8 mL/min Time (min) Mobile phase B(%) Gradient 0 50 10 100 12 100 Equilibration time 3 min. Wavelength 268nm (bandwidth 4 nm; reference off) 190-400 nm (for information instability studies only). Injected volume 20 μL Needle wash Set washcycles to two. Use dilution phase in washing vial. Temperature 40° C.

TABLE 18 Approximate retention times Substance Time (min) Compound 5 1.9Compound 1 2.4 Compound 4 3.5 Pridopidine 4.6 Compound 8 6.1 Compound 27.5 Compound 6 8.8 Compound 3 9.9

Blank Preparation: Use Dilution Phase. Duplicate Vials of Blank (A andB).

Reference Preparation a (Only for Related Substances)

Use Control Sample 2b. Inject as it is.

The Control Sample 2b solution is a pridopidine solution (0.44 mg/mlfree base) spiked with approximately 1% of each of the impurities:Compound 5, Compound 1, Compound 4, Compound 8, Compound 2, Compound 6and Compound 3.

Reference Preparation B (Only for Assay)

Duplicate Preparation (B1 and B2).

Weigh 43-45 mg of pridopidine reference into a 50 mL volumetric flask.Add 25 mL dilution phase and shake or sonicate at ambient temperatureuntil the reference is dissolved. Make to volume with dilution phase.Concentration: 0.9 mg/mL pridopidine. The standard solution is stablefor 48 hours when stored in daylight and in room temperature.

Reference Preparation C (Only for Related Substances)

Single Preparation (C).

Dilute 1 mL of reference B1 to 100 mL, with dilution phase. Dilutefurther 1 mL of this solution to 20 mL with dilution phase (sensitivitystandard, concentration corresponding to 0.05% of sample concentration).

Sample Preparation

Duplicate Preparation (Sample A and B).

Weigh 43-45 mg of the sample of pridopidine into a 50 mL volumetricflask. Add 25 mL dilution phase and shake or sonicate at ambienttemperature until the sample is dissolved. Make to volume with dilutionphase. Concentration: 0.9 mg/mL pridopidine. The sample solution shouldbe freshly prepared before use.

Order of Determinations

When the system is equilibrated, inject the solutions in the followingorder:

TABLE 19 Number of determinations/injections Solution Assay Relatedsubstances Blank A 3 (at least) 1 (at least) Blank B 1 1 Reference A N/A1 Reference C N/A 1 Reference B1 5 N/A Reference B2 1 N/A Sample A 1 1Sample B 1 1 . . . . . . . . . Reference B2 1 N/A

Calculation

System Suitability

For Related Substances:

R1) The Blank B should be free from interfering peaks at the retentiontimes of Compound 5, Compound 1, Compound 4, pridopidine, Compound 8,Compound 2, Compound 6 and Compound 3.

R2) The retention time of the pridopidine peak should be 4.6±0.5 min.

R3) Compound 5, Compound 1, Compound 4, pridopidine, Compound 8,Compound 2, Compound 6 and Compound 3 in the Control Sample 2b should bepossible to identify according to FIG. 2.

R4) The pridopidine peak in reference C should have a signal-to-noiseratio greater than or equal to 3.

R5) Calculate the number of theoretical plates (N) and the tailingfactor (T) for the pridopidine peak in reference A. Number oftheoretical plates 2: 8000 and tailing factor 0.7-1.0.

R6) Calculate the resolution between Compound 5 and Compound 1 in theControl Sample 2b, should be greater than or equal to 1.5.

R7) If the problem with split peaks Compound 1 and Compound 4 shallappear, they should be calculated as sum of each split peak.

For Assay:

A1) The Blank B should be free from interfering peak at the retentiontime for pridopidine.

A2) The retention time of the pridopidine peak should be 4.6±0.5 min.

A3) Calculate the RSD % of the five areas of reference B1. The RSDshould be ˜2.0%.

A4) Calculate the assay of each injections of reference B2. The assayshould be in the interval 99-101 w/w-% of the assay of the reference B1.

A5) Calculate the number of theoretical plates (N) and the tailingfactor (T) for the pridopidine peak in the first injection of referenceB1. Number of theoretical plates 8000 and tailing factor 0.7-1.0.

A6) Calculate the deviation between the two assay determinations (SampleA and B) according to eq. 1. The deviation should be less than or equalto 2%.

$\begin{matrix}{\frac{{{{Assay}_{A} - {Assay}_{B}}} \times 100}{\left( {{Assay}_{A} - {Assay}_{B}} \right) \times 0.5} \leq {2\%}} & \left( {{eq}.\mspace{14mu} 1} \right)\end{matrix}$

The analytical method description described herein will be updated toinclude acceptance criteria for number of theoretical plates (N) and thetailing factor (T) for pridopidine peak.

Result

For Related Substances:

The content of related substances should be calculated as area-% andcorrected with relative response factors and reported as % according toeq. 2.

%_(x)=area-%_(x)×RRF_(x)  (eq.2)

%_(x) percent content of an impurity ‘x’

area-%_(x) area-% of an impurity ‘x’ calculated from the chromatogram

RRF_(x) Relative Response Factor of an impurity ‘x’

Use following response factors:

TABLE 20 Name Relative response factor Compound 8 0.2 Compound 2 0.7

Remaining related substances will be correct for RRF 1.

For Assay:

Calculate the assay of pridopidine in w/w-% using the external standardmethodology (see below).

Use the mean response factor obtained from the five injections ofreference B1 for the calculation.

$\begin{matrix}{f_{x} = \frac{c_{xR}}{A_{xR}}} & \left( {{eq}.\mspace{14mu} 3} \right) \\{\frac{A_{xS} \times f_{x} \times 100}{c_{xS}} = {{pridopidine}\left( {{w/w}\text{-}\%} \right)}} & \left( {{eq}.\mspace{14mu} 4} \right)\end{matrix}$

f_(x) mean response factor of pridopidine from reference solution B1

c_(xR) concentration of pridopidine in reference solution (mg/ml)

c_(xS) concentration of sample solution (mg/mL)

A_(xR) area of pridopidine in each injection of reference solution B1

A_(xS) area of pridopidine in sample chromatogram

TABLE 21 Analytical Methods for Determination of Impurities in the DrugSubstance Quan- Quantitation titation Detection Example Method LimitLimit Limit Parameter Number Type (wegith-%) (area-%) (area-%) Compound1 Example 8 RP- 0.04 0.04 0.01 HPLC Compound 2 Example 8 RP- 0.03 0.050.01 HPLC Compound 3 Example 8 RP- 0.05 0.05 0.03 HPLC Compound 4Example 8 RP- 0.04 0.04 0.01 HPLC Compound 5 Example 8 RP- 0.04 0.040.01 HPLC Compound 6 Example 8 RP- 0.04 0.04 0.01 HPLC

During course of the validation the response factors for Compound 5,Compound 1, Compound 4, Compound 8, Compound 2, Compound 6 and Compound3 has been evaluated and compared to the response factor of pridopidine.The relative response factor of the impurities are presented in Table22:

TABLE 22 Relative Response Factors Name Relative Response Factor (αpridopidine/α Compound 5 0.91 Compound 1 1.01 Compound 4 1.02 Compound 80.16 Compound 2 0.65 Compound 6 1.05 Compound 3 0.99

Example 9—Specification of Pridopidine Hydrochloride Drug Substance

TABLE 23 Name Ret. time (min) Resolution (tangent method) Compound 51.99 N/A Compound 1 2.42 3.3 Compound 4 3.58 6.6 pridopidine 4.68 4.9Compound 8 6.09 7.5 Compound 2 7.36 11.2 Compound 6 8.69 11.8 Compound 39.92 10.1

Pridopidine HCl is a white to almost white powder. The specifications ofpridopidine HCl are as follows:

TABLE 24 Specification of Pridopidine Hydrochloride Drug Substance TestAcceptance Criteria Method Description White to almost white Visualinspection powder Absence of lumps Pass Visual and touchingIdentification IR Conforms to reference IR IR spectrum X-raydiffractogram Conforms to reference X- XRPD ray diffractogram ChloridePositive Ph. Eur. Assay, HPLC, % w/w 98.0-102.0 HPLC Related substances,HPLC, area % Compound 5 ≤0.15 HPLC Compound 1 ≤0.15 HPLC Compound 4≤0.15 HPLC Compound 8 ≤0.15 HPLC Compound 3 ≤0.15 HPLC Compound 2 ≤0.15HPLC Compound 6 ≤0.15 HPLC Unknown impurities, each ≤0.10 HPLCImpurities in total ≤0.50 HPLC

Example 10—Accelerated and Long Term Stability in Pridopidine HCl DrugProduct

Batches 1, 2 and 3 were manufactured according to cGMP and in scale asthe expected commercial scale. Batches 4 and 5 were manufacturedaccording to the current route of synthesis.

The stability program for each batch is detailed below in Table 25.

TABLE 25 Pridopidine HCl Stability Testing Program Batch 1 2 3 4 5 Batchsize (kg) 99.7 97.2 96.6 14.9 105.4 Stability study Storage conditions25° C./60% RH: 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 and 60 25° C./60% RH: 0,3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and testing months 30° C./65% RH: 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12months 24, 36, 48 and 60 months intervals 40° C./75% RH: 0, 3 and 6months 30° C./65% RH: 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months 40° C./75% RH: 0, 3 and 6months Test parameters Appearance, Identification, Crystal form, Assay,Appearance, Identification, Impurities, Water content, Microbial limitCrystal form, Assay, Impurities, Water content, Microbial limit

Stability data for batches 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 can be found in Tables26-37:

TABLE 26 Stability Data of Pridopidine HCl Batch 1 Stored at 25° C./60%RH Acceptance Storage Period (Months) Parameters Criteria 0 3 6 9 12 1824 36 48 Appearance Color and White White White White White White WhiteWhite White Form powder powder powder powder powder powder powder powderpowder Identification (by IR) Complies Conforms Conforms ConformsConforms Conforms Conforms Conforms Conforms Conforms with ref spectrumCrystal Form (by X-Ray) Complies Conforms Conforms Conforms ConformsConforms Conforms Not Not Not with ref scheduled scheduled scheduleddiffractogram Assay (by HPLC) 98.0-102.0 99.9 99.7 100.2 100.2 99.6100.0 100.4 99.8 99.7 [% w/w] Impurities (by HPLC) [area %] Compound 1≤0.15 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Compound 4 ≤0.150.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.08 Each (Compound 8, ≤0.15<0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Compound 3,Compound 2, Compound 6 and Compound 5) Unknown Impurities Each ≤0.10<0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Total ≤0.50 0.140.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.08 Water Content (by KF) Run and0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 <0.05 <0.05 0.06 <0.05 [% w/w) recordMicrobiological Purity [cfu/g] TAMC ≤1000 <10 Not Not Not <10 Not NotNot Not scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduledscheduled TYMC ≤10 <10 Not Not Not <10 Not Not Not Not scheduledscheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled E. ColiAbsent — — — — — — — — —

TABLE 27 Stability Data of Pridopidine HCl Batch 1 Stored at 40° C./75%RH Storage Period (Months) Parameters Acceptance Criteria 0 3 6Appearance Color and Form White powder White powder White powderIdentification (by Complies with ref Conforms Conforms Conforms IR)spectrum Crystal Form (by X- Complies with ref Conforms ConformsConforms Ray) diffractogram Assay (by HPLC) 98.0-102.0 99.9 99.7 100.1[% w/w] Impurities (by HPLC) [area %] Compound 1   ≤0.15 0.05 0.05 0.05Compound 4   ≤0.15 0.09 0.09 0.09 Each (Compound 8,   ≤0.15 <0.05 <0.05<0.05 Compound 3, Compound 2, Compound 6 and Compound 5 UnknownImpurities   ≤0.10 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Each Total   ≤0.50 0.14 0.14 0.14Water Content (by Run and record <0.1 <0.1 0.1 KF) [% w/wMicrobiological Purity [cfu/g] TAMC ≤1000 <10 Not scheduled Notscheduled TYMC  ≤10 <10 Not scheduled Not scheduled E. Coli Absent — — —

TABLE 28 Stability Data of Pridopidine HCl Batch 2 Stored at 25° C./60%RH Acceptance Storage Period (Months) Parameters Criteria 0 3 6 9 12 1824 36 48 Appearance Color and White White White White White White WhiteWhite White Form powder powder powder powder powder powder powder powderpowder Identification (by IR) Complies Conforms Conforms ConformsConforms Conforms Conforms Conforms Conforms Conforms with ref spectrumCrystal Form (by X-Ray) Complies Conforms Conforms Conforms ConformsConforms Conforms Not Not Not with ref diffractogram scheduled scheduledscheduled Assay (by HPLC) 98.0-1010 100.1 99.9 100.4 100.3 100.2 100.1100.4 99.7 100.5 [% w/w] Impurities (by HPLC) [area %] Compound 4 ≤0.150.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 <0.05 0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Each (Compound 1, ≤0.15<0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Compound 8,Compound 3, Compound 2, Compound 6 and Compound 5) Unknown ImpuritiesEach ≤0.10 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Total≤0.50 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 <0.05 0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Water Content (byKF) Run and 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 <0.05 <0.05 <0,05 <0.05 [% w/w)record Microbiological Purity [cfu/g] TAMC ≤1000 <10 Not Not Not <10 NotNot Not Not scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduledscheduled TYMC ≤10 <10 Not Not Not <10 Not Not Not Not scheduledscheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled E. ColiAbsent — — — — — — — — —

TABLE 29 Stability Data of Pridopidine HCl Batch 2 Stored at 40° C./75%RH Acceptance Storage Period (Months) Parameters Criteria 0 3 6Appearance Color and Form White powder White powder White powderIdentification (by IR) Complies with ref Conforms Conforms Conformsspectrum Crystal Form (by X-Ray) Complies with ref Conforms Conformsconforms diffractogram Assay (by HPLC) [% w/w] 98.0-102.0 100.1 99.6100.6 Impurities (by HPLC) [area %] Compound 4   ≤0.15 0.05 0.05 0.05Each (Compound 1, Compound   ≤0.15 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 8, Compound 3,Compound 2, Compound 6 and Compound 5) Unknown Impurities Each   ≤0.10Total   ≤0.50 0.05 0.05 0.05 Water Content (by KF) [% Run and record<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 w/w) Microbiological Purity [cfu/g] TAMC ≤1000 <10 Notscheduled Not scheduled TYMC  ≤10 <10 Not scheduled Not scheduled E.Coli Absent — — —

TABLE 30 Stability Data of Pridopidine HCl Batch 3 Stored at 25° C./60%RH Acceptance Storage Period (Months) Parameters Criteria 0 3 6 9 12 1824 36 48 Appearance Color and Form White White White White White WhiteWhite White White powder powder powder powder powder powder powderpowder powder Identification (by IR) Complies with Conforms ConformsConforms Conforms Conforms Conforms Conforms Conforms Conforms refspectrum Crystal Form Complies with Conforms Conforms Conforms ConformsConforms Conforms Not Not Not (by X-Ray) ref scheduled scheduledscheduled diffractogram Assay (by HPLC) 98.0-102.0 100.5 99.8 100.4100.6 100.0 100.1 100.5 100.2 100.5 [% w/w] Impurities (by HPLC) [area%] Compound 4 ≤0.15 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 Each(Compound 1, ≤0.15 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05Compound 8, Compound 3, Compound 2, Compound 6 and Compound 5) UnknownImpurities <0.10 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05Each Total ≤0.50 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 WaterContent (by KF) Run and record 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 <0.05 <0.05<0.05 <0.05 [% w/w) Microbiological Purity [cfu/g] TAMC ≤1000 <10 NotNot Not <10 Not Not Not Not scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduledscheduled scheduled scheduled TYMC ≤10 <10 Not Not Not <10 Not Not NotNot scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduledscheduled E. Coli Absent — — — — — — — — —

TABLE 31 Stability Data of Pridopidine HCl Batch 3 Stored at 40° C./75%RH Acceptance Storage Period (Months) Parameters Criteria 0 3 6Appearance Color and Form White powder White powder White powderIdentification (by IR) Complies with ref Conforms Conforms Conformsspectrum Crystal Form (by X-Ray) Complies with ref Conforms ConformsConforms diffractogram Assay (by HPLC) [% w/w] 98.0-102.0 100.5 99.7100.5 Impurities (by HPLC) [area %] Compound 4   ≤0.15 0.06 0.06 0.06Each (Compound 1,   ≤0.15 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Compound 8, Compound 3,Compound 2, Compound 6 and Compound 5) Unknown Impurities Each   ≤0.10<0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Total   ≤0.50 0.06 0.06 0.06 Water Content (by KF) Runand record <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 [% w/w) Microbiological Purity [cfu/g] TAMC≤1000 <10 Not scheduled Not scheduled TYMC  ≤10 <10 Not scheduled Notscheduled E. Coli Absent — — —

TABLE 32 Stability Data of Pridopidine HCl Batch 4 Stored at 25° C./60%RH Acceptance Storage Period (Months) Parameters Criteria 0 3 6 9 12 1824 36 Appearance Color and Form White White White White White WhiteWhite White powder powder powder powder powder powder powder powderIdentification (by IR) Complies with Conforms Conforms Conforms ConformsConforms Conforms Conforms Conforms ref spectrum Crystal Form Complieswith Conforms Not Not Not Not Not Not Not (by X-Ray) ref diffractogramscheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduledAssay (by HPLC) 98.0-102.0 100.4 98.6 99.8 99.7 99,5 99.9 99.8 100.1 [%w/w] Impurities (by HPLC) [area %] Compound 4 ≤0.15 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.060.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 Compound 3 ≤0.15 0.06 <0.05 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.07 0.060.05 Compound 8 ≤0.15 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01Each (Compound 1, ≤0.10 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05Compound 2, Compound 6, Compound 5 and Unknown Impurities Each) Total≤0.50 0.12 0.06 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.11 Water Content (by KF) Runand record 0.06 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 [% w/w)Microbiological Purity [cfu/g] TAMC ≤1000 <10 Not Not Not Not Not NotNot scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduledscheduled TYMC ≤10 <10 Not Not Not Not Not Not Not scheduled scheduledscheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled E. Coli Absent Not NotNot Not Not Not Not Not detectable scheduled scheduled scheduledscheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled

TABLE 33 Stability Data of Pridopidine HCl Batch 4 Stored at 30° C./65%RH Acceptance Storage Period (Months) Parameters Criteria 0 3 6 9 12Appearance Color and Form White White White White White powder powderpowder powder powder Identification (by IR) Complies with ConformsConforms Conforms Conforms Conforms ref spectrum Crysta lForm Complieswith Conforms Not Not Not Conforms (by X-Ray) ref scheduled scheduledscheduled diffractogram Assay (by HPLC) 98.0-102.0 100.4 99.0 99.5 100.099.6 [% w/w] Impurities (by HPLC) [area %] Compound 4 ≤0.15 0.06 0.070.07 0.06 0.06 Compound 3 ≤0.15 0.06 <0.05 0.07 0.07 0.06 Compound 8≤0.15 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Each (Compound 1, ≤0.15 <0.05 <0.05<0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Compound 2, Compound 6, Compound 5 and UnknownImpurities Each) Total ≤0.50 0.12 0.07 0.13 0.13 0.12 Water Content (byKF) Run and record <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 [% w/w) MicrobiologicalPurity [cfu/g] TAMC ≤1000 <10 Not Not Not <10 scheduled scheduledscheduled TYMC ≤10 <10 Not Not Not <10 scheduled scheduled scheduled E.Coli Absent Not Not Not Not Not detectable scheduled scheduled scheduleddetectable

TABLE 34 Stability Data of Pridopidine HCl Batch 4 Stored at 40° C./75%RH Acceptance Storage Period (Months) Parameters Criteria 0 3 6Appearance Color and Form White powder White powder White powderIdentification (by IR) Complies with Conforms Conforms Conforms refspectrum Crystal Form (by X- Complies with Conforms Not scheduledConforms Ray) ref diffractogram Assay (by HPLC) [% 98.0-102.0 100.4 99.599.7 w/w] Impurities (by HPLC) [area %] Compound 4   ≤0.15 0.06 0.070.07 Compound 3   ≤0.15 0.06 <0.05 0.07 Compound 8   ≤0.15 <0.01 <0.01<0.01 Each (Compound 1,   ≤0.15 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Compound 2, Compound6, Compound 5 and Unknown Impurities Each) Total   ≤0.50 0.12 0.07 0.13Water Content (by KF) Run and record 0.06 <0.05 <0.05 [% w/w)Microbiological Purity [cfu/g] TAMC ≤1000 <10 Not scheduled <10 TYMC ≤10 <10 Not scheduled <10 E. Coli Absent Not detectable Not scheduledNot detectable

TABLE 35 Stability Data of Pridopidine HCl Batch 5 Stored at 25° C./60%RH Acceptance Storage Period(Months) Parameters Criteria 0 3 6 9 12 1824 Appearance Color and Form White White White White White White Whitepowder powder powder powder powder powder powder Identification (by IR)Complies with Conforms Conforms Conforms Conforms Conforms ConformsConforms ref spectrum Crystal Form Complies with Conforms Not Not NotNot Not Not (by X-Ray) ref scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduledscheduled scheduled diffractogram Assay (by HPLC) 98.0-102.0 99.8 100.099.9 99.9 99.7 100.1 100.1 [% w/w] Impurities (by HPLC) [area %]Compound 3 ≤0.15 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.07 Compound 8 ≤0.15<0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Each (Compound 1, ≤0.15 <0.05<0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Compound 5, Compound 4, Compound 2,Compound 6 and Unknown Impurities Each) Total ≤0.50 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.090.11 0.11 0.07 Water Content (by KF) Run and record <0.05 <0.05 <0.05<0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 [% w/w) Microbiological Purity [cfu/g] TAMC≤1000 Not Not Not Not Not Not Not scheduled scheduled scheduledscheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled TYMC ≤10 Not Not Not Not Not NotNot scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduledscheduled E. Coli Absent Not Not Not Not Not Not Not scheduled scheduledscheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled

TABLE 36 Stability Data of Pridopidine HCl Batch 5 Stored at 30° C./65%RH Acceptance Storage Period (Months) Parameters Criteria 0 3 6 9 12Appearance Color and Form White White White White White powder powderpowder powder powder Identification (by IR) Complies with ConformsConforms Conforms Conforms Conforms ref spectrum Crystal Form Complieswith Conforms Not Not Not Conforms (by X-Ray) ref diffractogramscheduled scheduled scheduled Assay (by HPLC) 98.0-102.0 99.8 99.8 99.899.8 99.7 [% w/w] Impurities (by HPLC) [area %] Compound 8 ≤0.15 <0.01<0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Compound 3 ≤0.15 0.10 0.10 0.07 0.10 0.10 Each(Compound 5, ≤0.15 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Compound 4, Compound 1,Compound 2, Compound 6 and Unknown Impurities Each) Total ≤0.50 0.100.10 0.07 0.10 0.10 Water Content (by KF) Run and record <0.05 <0.05<0.05 <0.05 <0.05 [% w/w) Microbiological Purity [cfu/g] TAMC ≤1000 NotNot Not Not <10 scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled TYMC ≤10 Not NotNot Not <10 scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled E. Coli Absent NotNot Not Not Not scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled detectable

TABLE 37 Stability Data of Pridopidine HCl Batch 5 Stored at 40° C./75%RH Storage Period (Months) Parameters Acceptance Criteria 0 3 6Appearance Color and Form White powder White powder White powderIdentification (by IR) Complies with ref Conforms Conforms Conformsspectrum Crystal Form (by X-Ray) Complies with ref Conforms Notscheduled Conforms diffractogram Assay (by HPLC) [% w/w] 98.0-102.0 99.899.9 99.5 Impurities (by HPLC) [area %] Compound 8   ≤0.15 <0.01 <0.01<0.01 Compound 3   ≤0.15 0.10 0.10 0.06 Each (Compound 5,   ≤0.15 <0.05<0.05 <0.05 Compound 4, Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 6 and UnknownImpurities Each) Total   ≤0.50 0.10 0.10 0.06 Water Content (by KF) Runand record <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 [% w/w) Microbiological Purity [cfu/g] TAMC≤1000 Not scheduled Not scheduled <10 TYMC  ≤10 Not scheduled Notscheduled <10 E. Coli Absent Not scheduled Not scheduled Not detectable

SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS IN TABLES 26-7 AND CONCLUSIONS

Appearance:

No significant change is observed in color or form when stored at 40°C./75% RH for up to 6 months, at 30° C./65% RH for up to 12 months or at25° C./60% RH for up to 48 months.

Crystal Form:

No change in polymorphic form is observed when pridopidine HCl is storedat 40° C./75% RH for up to 6 months and at 30° C./65% RH for up to 12months. X-Ray diffractograms recorded after 18 months at 25° C./60% RHshowed no change. X-Ray analyses will be performed again at the end ofthe long term stability program (60 months).

Assay:

When pridopidine HCl is stored at 40° C./75% RH for up to 6 months, nosignificant change in assay is observed. Similar no significant changeis observed when stored at 30° C./65% RH for up to 12 months or at 25°C./60% RH for up to 48 months.

Impurities:

No degradation of pridopidine HCl is observed when the drug substance isstored at 40° C./75% RH for up to 6 months, at 30° C./65% RH for up to12 months or at 25° C./60% RH for up to 48 months.

Water Content

No significant change regarding water content is observed whenpridopidine HCl is stored at 40° C./75% RH for up to 6 months, at 30°C./65% RH for up to 12 months or at 25° C./60% RH for up to 48 months.

Conclusion:

No evidence of relevant changes was observed for the parameters testedat any of the storage conditions. Pridopidine HCl is consideredphysically and chemically stable when stored at 40° C. and 75% RH for upto 6 months, at 30° C./65% RH for up to 12 months or at 25° C. and 60%RH for up to 48 months.

Example 11—Forced Degradation Study

A forced degradation study has been performed on pridopidine HCl drugproduct and drug substance. The studied material was subjected to acidand base hydrolysis, thermal stress both as solid and in solution,oxidation, humidity induced stress and photolysis.

The study showed that pridopidine HCl is very stable under most of thestudied conditions except for when subjected to oxidative conditions,where considerable degradation was observed. The major degradationproduct was Compound 5. There was also some degradation in the basichydrolysis study but only a minor total degradation was observed withthe largest degradation product being unidentified.

Mass balance was also investigated and found to be good for all studiedconditions.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS OF EXAMPLES 10-11

The amounts of the organic impurities remained below the acceptedcriteria in all the conditions tested over all time periods as shown inExample 10. Compound 5, which is the only known potential degradationproduct (Example 11), remained low in all the tested conditions as shownin Example 10.

Example 12—Specification of Pridopidine HCl Drug Product

As detailed in example 10, no degradation products have been detected inthe pridopidine HCl in any storage conditions. In addition, noadditional impurities are created during the formation of the drugproduct. Therefore, the same amounts of the organic impurities Compound1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, and Compound 6 whichare controlled in the drug substance remain in the drug product, and theaccepted criteria relating to the organic impurities Compound 1,Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, and Compound 6 asdetailed in Table 22 are relevant to the drug product.

Example 13—Batch Analysis of Pridopidine HCl Drug Substance

A number of batches of Pridopidine HCl drug substance were manufacturedat various manufacturing facilities and subsequently analyzed. Allbatches contained the known identified impurities Compound 5, Compound1, Compound 4, Compound 8 Compound 6 and Compound 3 in levels below thequalification limit of 0.15%.

TABLE 38 Analysis of the content of each of the impurities Compound 5,Compound 1, Compound 4, Compound 8 Compound 6 and Compound 3 availablein the API batches used for tox studies Batch No. Impurity Z Y XCompound 5 NP NP <0.05 Compound 1 NP NP 0.06 Compound 4 NP <0.05 0.06Compound 8 0.02 NP <0.05 Compound 6 NP <0.05 <0.05 Compound 2 NP NP<0.05 Compound 3 NP <0.05 <0.05 Largest impurity 0.15 <0.05 <0.05 NP—Notperformed

Example 14—Batch Analysis of Pridopidine HCl Drug Product

A number of batches of Pridopidine HCl drug product were manufactured atvarious manufacturing facilities and subsequently analyzed.

TABLE 39 Analysis of Pridopidine HCl Batches used for Non-Clinical andClinical Studies Related Substances by HPLC [area %] Batch CompoundCompound Compound Compound Compound Compound Compound Compound UnknownImpurities Number 5 1 4 (Peak 1) 8 3 (Peak 2) 2 6 (Peak 3) 9 Impuritiesin Total Acceptance ≤0.15 ≤0.15 ≤0.15 ≤0.15 ≤0.15 ≤0.15 ≤0.15 Report≤0.10 each ≤0.50 Criteria value A — — — — — — — — — 0.51 B — — — — — — —— — 0.26 C — — <0.05 — 0.06 — <0.05 — <0.05 0.06 D — — <0.05 — <0.05 —<0.05 — <0.05 <0.05 E — — <0.05 — <0.05 — <0.05 — 0.09¹ 0.09 F — — <0.05— <0.05 — <0.05 — 0.07¹ 0.07 1 — — 0.09 — ND — ND — 0.05 0.14 2 — — 0.05— ND — ND — ND 0.05 3 — — 0.05 — ND — ND — ND 0.06 4 <0.05 <0.05 0.08<0.05 0.07 <0.05 <0.05 <1 <0.05 0.15 5 <0.05² <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.10<0.05 <0.05 <1 <0.05 0.10 G <0.05 0.06 <0.05 <0.01 0.10 <0.05 <0.05 <1<0.05 0.15 H <0.05 0.07 <0.05 <0.01 0.08 <0.05 <0.05 <1 <0.05 0.14 I<0.05 <0.05 0.06 <0.01 0.11 <0.05 <0.05 <1 <0.05 0.17 J <0.05 <0.05<0.05 <0.01 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 1 <0.05 <0.05 K <0.05 0.07 <0.05 <0.010.08 <0.05 <0.05 <1 <0.05 0.15 Compound 9 is4-hydroxy-4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1-propylpiperidin-1-ium chloride.

What is claimed is:
 1. An isolated compound having the structure:

or a salt thereof.
 2. The isolated compound of claim 1, which has thestructure:

or a salt thereof.
 3. The isolated compound of claim 1, which has thestructure:

or a salt thereof.
 4. The isolated compound of claim 1 which has thestructure:

or a salt thereof.
 5. The isolated compound of claim 1, which has thestructure:

or a salt thereof.
 6. The isolated compound of claim 1, which has thestructure:

or a salt thereof.
 7. A composition comprising pridopidine and acompound which has the structure:

or a salt thereof, wherein the ratio of the weight of the compoundrelative to the weight of the pridopidine in the composition is from99:1 to 1:99.
 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the compound hasthe structure:

or a salt thereof.
 9. A composition comprising a compound having thestructure:

or a salt thereof, wherein the composition is free of Pridopidine or asalt thereof.
 10. The composition of any one of claim 7 or 9, whereinthe compound has the structure:

or a salt thereof.
 11. The composition of any one of claim 7 or 9,wherein the compound has the structure:

or a salt hereof.
 12. The composition of any one of claim 7 or 9,wherein the compound has the structure:

or a salt thereof.
 13. The composition of any one of claim 7 or 9,wherein the compound has the structure:

or a salt thereof.
 14. The composition of any one of claim 7 or 9,wherein the compound has the structure:

or a salt thereof.
 15. The composition of any one of claim 7 or 9,wherein the compound has the structure:

or a salt thereof.
 16. The composition of claim 7, wherein the compoundhas the structure:

or a salt thereof.
 17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an amountof pridopidine and at least one of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3,Compound 4, Compound 5, Compound 6, and Compound 7 wherein a) Compound 1is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount not more than10 area-% relative to the concentration of pridopidine, based on adetermination by an HPLC method, or b) Compound 2 is present in thepharmaceutical composition in an amount not more than 10 area-% relativeto the concentration of pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLCmethod, or c) Compound 3 is present in the pharmaceutical composition inan amount not more than 10 area-% relative to the concentration ofpridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or d) Compound4 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount not morethan 10 area-% relative to the concentration of pridopidine, based on adetermination by an HPLC method, or e) Compound 5 is present in thepharmaceutical composition in an amount not more than 10 area-% relativeto the concentration of pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLCmethod, or f) Compound 6 is present in the pharmaceutical composition inan amount not more than 10 area-% relative to the concentration ofpridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or g) Compound7 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount not morethan 10 area-% relative to the concentration of pridopidine, based on adetermination by an HPLC method.
 18. The pharmaceutical composition ofclaim 17, wherein a) Compound 1 is present in the pharmaceuticalcomposition in an amount not more than 0.15 area-% relative to theconcentration of pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLCmethod, or b) Compound 2 is present in the pharmaceutical composition inan amount not more than 0.15 area-% relative to the concentration ofpridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or c) Compound3 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount not morethan 0.15 area-% relative to the concentration of pridopidine, based ona determination by an HPLC method, or d) Compound 4 is present in thepharmaceutical composition in an amount not more than 0.15 area-%relative to the concentration of pridopidine, based on a determinationby an HPLC method, or e) Compound 5 is present in the pharmaceuticalcomposition in an amount not more than 0.15 area-% relative to theconcentration of pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLCmethod, or f) Compound 6 is present in the pharmaceutical composition inan amount not more than 0.15 area-%% relative to the concentration ofpridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method.
 19. Thepharmaceutical composition of claim 18, wherein a) Compound 1 is presentin the pharmaceutical composition in an amount greater than 0.01 area-%,and not more than 0.15 area-% relative to the concentration ofpridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or h) Compound2 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount greater than0.01 area-%, and not more than 0.15 area-%, relative to theconcentration of pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLCmethod, or c) Compound 3 is present in the pharmaceutical composition inan amount greater than 0.03 area-%, and not more than 0.15 area-%,relative to the concentration of pridopidine, based on a determinationby an HPLC method, or d) Compound 4 is present in the pharmaceuticalcomposition in an amount greater than 0.01 area-%, and not more than0.15 area-%, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, based on adetermination by an HPLC method, or e) Compound 5 is present in thepharmaceutical composition in an amount greater than 0.01 area-%, andnot more than 0.15 area-%, relative to the concentration of pridopidine,based on a determination by an HPLC method, or f) Compound 6 is presentin the pharmaceutical composition in an amount greater than 0.01 area-%and not more than 0.15 area-%, relative to the concentration ofpridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method.
 20. Thepharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 18-19, wherein a)Compound 1 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amountless than 0.04 area-% relative to the concentration of pridopidine,based on a determination by an HPLC method, or b) Compound 2 is presentin the pharmaceutical composition in an amount less than 0.05 area-%,relative to the concentration of pridopidine, based on a determinationby an HPLC method, or c) Compound 3 is present in the pharmaceuticalcomposition in an amount less than 0.05 area-% relative to theconcentration of pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLCmethod, or d) Compound 4 is present in the pharmaceutical composition inan amount less than 0.04 area-% relative to the concentration ofpridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or e) Compound5 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount less than0.04 area-% relative to the concentration of pridopidine, based on adetermination by an HPLC method, or f) Compound 6 is present in thepharmaceutical composition in an amount less than 0.04 area-% relativeto the concentration of pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLCmethod.
 21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 18, wherein a)Compound 1 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amountless than 0.01 area-% relative to the concentration of pridopidine,based on a determination by an HPLC method, or b) Compound 2 is presentin the pharmaceutical composition in an amount less than 0.01 area-%relative to the concentration of pridopidine, based on a determinationby an HPLC method, or c) Compound 3 is present in the pharmaceuticalcomposition in an amount less than 0.03 area-% relative to theconcentration of pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLCmethod, or d) Compound 4 is present in the pharmaceutical composition inan amount less than 0.01 area-% relative to the concentration ofpridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLC method, or e) Compound5 is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount less than0.01 area-% relative to the concentration of pridopidine, based on adetermination by an HPLC method, or f) Compound 6 is present in thepharmaceutical composition in an amount less than 0.01 area-% relativeto the concentration of pridopidine, based on a determination by an HPLCmethod.
 22. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 17-21,wherein at least two of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4,Compound 5 and Compound 6 are present.
 23. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of any one of claims 17-21, wherein at least three ofCompound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5 and Compound6 are present.
 24. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims17-21, wherein at least four of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3,Compound 4, Compound 5 and Compound 6 are present.
 25. Thepharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 17-21, wherein at leastfive of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5 andCompound 6 are present.
 26. The pharmaceutical composition of any one ofclaims 17-21, wherein Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4,Compound 5 and Compound 6 are present.
 27. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of any one of claims 17-21, wherein at least Compound 1 ispresent.
 28. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 17-21,wherein at least Compound 3 is present.
 29. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of any one of claims 17-21, wherein at least Compound 4 ispresent.
 30. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 17-29,comprising pridopidine hydrochloride salt.
 31. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of any one of claims 17-30, in the form of a capsule, atablet, or a liquid suspension.
 32. The pharmaceutical composition ofclaim 31, in an oral dosage unit form.
 33. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 32, wherein the oral dosage unit form comprisesbetween 22.5-315 mg pridopidine.
 34. The pharmaceutical composition ofclaim 33, wherein the oral dosage unit form comprises between 45-250 mgpridopidine.
 35. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 34, wherein theoral dosage unit form comprises between 45-135 mg pridopidine.
 36. Thepharmaceutical composition of claim 32, wherein the oral dosage unitform comprises between 90-315 mg pridopidine.
 37. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 32, wherein the oral dosage unit form comprisesabout 22.5 mg pridopidine.
 38. The pharmaceutical composition of claim32, wherein the oral dosage unit form comprises about 45 mg pridopidine.39. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 32, wherein the oral dosageunit form comprises about 67.5 mg pridopidine.
 40. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 32, wherein the oral dosage unit form comprisesabout 90 mg pridopidine.
 41. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 32,wherein the oral unit dosage form comprises about 100 mg pridopidine.42. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 32, wherein the oral dosageunit form comprises about 112.5 mg pridopidine.
 43. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 32, wherein the oral dosage unit form comprisesabout 125 mg pridopidine.
 44. The pharmaceutical composition of claim32, wherein the oral dosage unit form comprises about 135 mgpridopidine.
 45. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 32, wherein theoral dosage unit form comprises about 150 mg pridopidine.
 46. Thepharmaceutical composition of claim 32, wherein the oral dosage unitform comprises about 180 mg pridopidine.
 47. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 32, wherein the oral dosage unit form comprisesabout 200 mg pridopidine.
 48. The pharmaceutical composition of claim32, wherein the oral dosage unit form comprises about 250 mgpridopidine.
 49. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 32, wherein theoral dosage unit form comprises about 315 mg pridopidine.
 50. Thepharmaceutical composition of any of claims 32-49, wherein the oraldosage unit form is prepared for once daily administration.
 51. Thepharmaceutical composition of any of claims 32-49, wherein the oraldosage unit form is prepared for more than once daily administration.52. A process for preparing Compound 1 comprising the step of oxidizing4-hydroxy-4-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)-1-propylpiperidin-1-ium chloride withan oxidizing agent to form Compound
 1. 53. The process of claim 52,wherein the oxidizing agent is a peroxide, preferably hydrogen peroxide.54. A process for preparing Compound 2 comprising the steps of: a)reacting 3-bromothioanisole with ethyl 3-(4-oxopiperidin-1-yl)propanoateto form1-(3-hydroxy-3,3-bis(3-(methylthio)phenyl)propyl)-4-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)piperidin-4-ol,b) dehydrating the1-(3-hydroxy-3,3-bis(3-(methylthio)phenyl)propyl)-4-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)piperidin-4-olformed in step a) with a dehydrating agent to obtain1-(3,3-bis(3-(methylthio)phenyl)allyl)-4-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine,c) oxidizing the1-(3,3-bis(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)allyl)-4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine formed in step b) with an oxidizingagent to form1-(3,3-bis(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)allyl)-4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine,and d) hydrogenating the1-(3,3-bis(3-(ethylsulfonyl)phenyl)allyl)-4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine formed in step c) with ahydrogenating agent to form Compound
 2. 55. The process of claim 54,wherein the dehydrating agent is a strong acid, preferably sulfuricacid.
 56. The process of claim 54, wherein the oxidizing agent is aperoxide, preferably hydrogen peroxide.
 57. The process of claim 54,wherein the hydrogenating agent is hydrogen.
 58. A process for preparingCompound 3 comprising the steps of: a) reacting 3-bromo thiophenol and1,4-dibromobutane to form 1,4-bis((3-bromophenyl)thio)butane, b)oxidizing the 1,4-bis((3-bromophenyl)thio)butane formed in step a) withan oxidizing agent to form 1,4-bis((3-bromophenyl)sulfonyl)butane, c)reacting 4-pyridinylboronic acid with the1,4-bis((3-bromophenyl)sulfonyl)butane formed in step b) to obtain1,4-bis((3-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)sulfonyl)butane, d) reacting1-iodopropane with 1,4-bis((3-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)sulfonyl)butaneformed in step c) to form4,4′-((butane-1,4-diyldisulfonyl)bis(3,1-phenylene))bis(1-propylpyridin-1-ium)iodide,e) adding a reducing agent to4,4′-((butane-1,4-diyldisulfonyl)bis(3,1-phenylene))bis(1-propylpyridin-1-ium)iodideformed in step d) to form1,4-bis((3-(1-propyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)phenyl)sulfonyl)butane, and f) hydrogenating the1,4-bis((3-(1-propyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)phenyl)sulfonyl)butane formed in step e) with a hydrogenating agent to obtain Compound3.
 59. The process of claim 58, wherein the oxidizing agent is aperoxide, preferably hydrogen peroxide.
 60. The process of claim 58,wherein the reducing agent is sodium borohydride.
 61. The process ofclaim 58, wherein the hydrogenating agent is hydrogen.
 62. A process forpreparing Compound 4 comprising the steps of: a) epoxidizing4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1-propyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine with anepoxidizing agent to form(1S,6S)-6-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-propyl-7-oxa-3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, and b) nucleophilically opening the epoxide of the(1S,6S)-6-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-propyl-7-oxa-3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane of step a) with a nucleophile to obtain Compound
 4. 63.The process of claim 62, wherein the epoxidizing agent is sodiumbromate.
 64. The process of claim 62, wherein the nucleophile ishydrogen.
 65. A process for preparing Compound 5 comprising the step ofreacting pridopidine with a peroxide to obtain Compound
 5. 66. Theprocess of claim 65, wherein the peroxide is hydrogen peroxide.
 67. Aprocess for preparing Compound 6 comprising the step of reacting4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)piperidine with 1-chloro-2-methylpentane toobtain Compound
 6. 68. A process for preparing Compound 7 comprising thesteps of: a) dehydrating4-hydroxy-4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1-propylpiperidin-1-ium chloridewith a dehydrating agent to form4-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)-1-propyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-iumhydrogen sulfate, b) oxidizing4-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)-1-propyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-iumhydrogen sulfate of step b) with an oxidizing agent to form Compound 7.69. The process of claim 68, wherein the dehydrating agent is a strongacid, preferably sulphuric acid.
 70. The process of claim 6, wherein theoxidizing agent is a peroxide, preferably hydrogen peroxide.
 71. Aprocess for testing whether a sample of a composition comprisingpridopidine contains an undesirable impurity which comprises the step ofdetermining whether the sample contains a compound having the structure:


72. A process for producing a pridopidine drug product comprisingobtaining a pridopidine drug substance and mixing the pridopidine drugsubstance with suitable excipients so as to produce the pridopidine drugproduct, wherein the pridopidine drug substance comprises: i) an amountof Compound 1 in the pridopidine drug substance that is not more than0.15 area-% Compound 1, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, orii) an amount of Compound 2 in the pridopidine drug substance that isnot more than 0.15 area-% Compound 2, relative to the concentration ofpridopidine, or iii) an amount of Compound 3 in the pridopidine drugsubstance that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 3, relative to theconcentration of pridopidine, or iv) an amount of Compound 4 in thepridopidine drug substance that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 4,relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or v) an amount ofCompound 5 in the pridopidine drug substance that is not more than 0.15area-% Compound 5, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or vi)an amount of Compound 6 in the pridopidine drug substance that is notmore than 0.15 area-% Compound 6, relative to the concentration ofpridopidine.
 73. The process of claim 72, wherein the process furthercomprises determining the amount of the at least one of Compound 1,Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, and Compound 6 in thepridopidine drug substance.
 74. The process of claim 72, wherein theprocess further comprises determining the amount of the at least two ofCompound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, and Compound6 in the pridopidine drug substance.
 75. The process of claim 72,wherein the process further comprises determining the amount of the atleast three of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound5, and Compound 6 in the pridopidine drug substance.
 76. The process ofclaim 72, wherein the process further comprises determining the amountof the at least four of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4,Compound 5, and Compound 6 in the pridopidine drug substance.
 77. Theprocess of claim 72, wherein the process further comprises determiningthe amount of the at least five of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3,Compound 4, Compound 5, and Compound 6 in the pridopidine drugsubstance.
 78. The process of claim 72, wherein the process furthercomprises determining the amount of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3,Compound 4, Compound 5, and Compound 6 in the pridopidine drugsubstance.
 79. The process of any one of claims 72-78, wherein theprocess further comprises subjecting a sample of the pridopidine drugsubstance to stability testing before the step of determining the amountof the at least one of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4,Compound 5, and Compound 6 in the pridopidine drug substance.
 80. Aprocess for producing a pridopidine drug product for commercial salecomprising obtaining a batch of pridopidine drug product that comprises:i) an amount of Compound 1 in the batch of pridopidine drug product thatis not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 1, relative to the concentrationof pridopidine, or ii) an amount of Compound 2 in the batch ofpridopidine drug product that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 2,relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or iii) an amount ofCompound 3 in the batch of pridopidine drug product that is not morethan 0.15 area-% Compound 3, relative to the concentration ofpridopidine, or iv) an amount of Compound 4 in the batch of pridopidinedrug product that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 4, relative tothe concentration of pridopidine, or v) an amount of Compound 5 in thebatch of pridopidine drug product that is not more than 0.15 area-%Compound 5, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or vi) anamount of Compound 6 in the batch of pridopidine drug product that isnot more than 0.15 area-% Compound 6, relative to the concentration ofpridopidine, and preparing the batch of pridopidine drug product forcommercial sale.
 81. The process of claim 80, wherein the processfurther comprises determining the amount of the at least one of Compound1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, and Compound 6 in thebatch of pridopidine drug product.
 82. The process of claim 80, whereinthe process further comprises determining the amount of the at least twoof Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, andCompound 6 in the batch of pridopidine drug product.
 83. The process ofclaim 80, wherein the process further comprises determining the amountof the at least three of Compound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4,Compound 5, and Compound 6 in the batch of pridopidine drug product. 84.The process of claim 80, wherein the process further comprisesdetermining the amount of the at least four of Compound 1, Compound 2,Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, and Compound 6 in the batch ofpridopidine drug product.
 85. The process of claim 80, wherein theprocess further comprises determining the amount of the at least five ofCompound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, and Compound6 in the batch of pridopidine drug product.
 86. The process of claim 80,wherein the process further comprises determining the amount of Compound1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, and Compound 6 in thebatch of pridopidine drug product.
 87. The process of any one of claims80-86, wherein the process further comprises subjecting a sample of thebatch of pridopidine drug product to stability testing beforedetermining the amount of the at least one of Compound 1, Compound 2,Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, and Compound 6 in the sample of thebatch of pridopidine drug product.
 88. A process of distributing apridopidine drug product comprising a pridopidine drug substancecomprising, a) obtaining the pridopidine drug product wherein thepridopidine drug substance comprises: i) an amount of Compound 1 in thepridopidine drug substance that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 1,relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or ii) an amount ofCompound 2 in the pridopidine drug substance that is not more than 0.15area-% Compound 2, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or iii)an amount of Compound 3 in the pridopidine drug substance that is notmore than 0.15 area-% Compound 3, relative to the concentration ofpridopidine, or iv) an amount of Compound 4 in the pridopidine drugsubstance that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 4, relative to theconcentration of pridopidine, or v) an amount of Compound 5 in thepridopidine drug substance that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 5,relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or vi) an amount ofCompound 6 in the pridopidine drug substance that is not more than 0.15area-% Compound 6, relative to the concentration of pridopidine; and b)distributing the pridopidine drug product comprising the pridopidinedrug substance.
 89. A process of distributing a pridopidine drug productcomprising, a) obtaining the pridopidine drug product that comprises: i)an amount of Compound 1 in the pridopidine drug product that is not morethan 0.15 area-% Compound 1, relative to the concentration ofpridopidine, or ii) an amount of Compound 2 in the pridopidine drugproduct that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 2, relative to theconcentration of pridopidine, or iii) an amount of Compound 3 in thepridopidine drug product that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 3,relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or iv) an amount ofCompound 4 in the pridopidine drug product that is not more than 0.15area-% Compound 4, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or v)an amount of Compound 5 in the pridopidine drug product that is not morethan 0.15 area-% Compound 5, relative to the concentration ofpridopidine, or vi) an amount of Compound 6 in the pridopidine drugproduct that is not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 6, relative to theconcentration of pridopidine; and b) distributing the pridopidine drugproduct.
 90. An impurity or a salt thereof for use, as a referencestandard to detect trace amounts of the impurity in a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising pridopidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, wherein the impurity is selected from the group consisting ofCompound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5 and Compound6.
 91. A method of determining the concentration of an impurity in apharmaceutical composition comprising pridopidine, the methodcomprising, a) preparing a sample solution from the pharmaceuticalcomposition, b) preparing a diluent solution comprising methanol andwater, c) preparing a standard solution comprising pridopidine and thediluent solution, d) preparing a resolution solution comprisingpridopidine and the impurity, e) preparing a buffer solution bydissolving ammonium formate in water and adjusting to pH of 9.0±0.10with aqueous ammonia hydroxide or formic acid, f) injecting into theHPLC the diluent solution, the resolution solution, the standardsolution, and the sample solution, g) running the HPLC using ultravioletabsorption at 190-400 nm or 268 nm and a mixture of the buffer solution,methanol and water as the mobile phase, h) determining the retentiontime (RT) and the areas of the peaks of the impurity in thechromatograms of the sample solution, and i) performing quantitation ofthe impurity with respect to the corresponding peaks in thechromatograms of the sample solution, wherein the impurity is Compound1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5 or Compound
 6. 92. Amethod of determining the concentration of an impurity in apharmaceutical composition comprising pridopidine, the method comprisinga) preparing a sample solution from the pharmaceutical composition, b)preparing a diluent solution comprising methanol and water, c) preparinga standard solution comprising the impurity, d) preparing a resolutionsolution comprising pridopidine and the impurity, e) preparing a buffersolution by dissolving ammonium formate in water and adjusting to pH of9.0±0.10 with aqueous ammonia hydroxide or formic acid, f) injectinginto the HPLC the diluent solution, the resolution solution, thestandard solution, and the sample solution, g) running the HPLC usingultraviolet absorption at 190-400 nm or 268 nm and a mixture of thebuffer solution, methanol and water as the mobile phase, h) determiningthe retention time (RT) and the areas of the peaks of the impurity inthe chromatograms of the sample solution, and i) performing quantitationof the impurity with respect to the corresponding peaks in thechromatograms of the standard solutions, wherein the impurity isCompound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5 or Compound6.
 93. A method of determining the concentration of an impurity in apharmaceutical composition comprising pridopidine and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, the method comprising, a) preparing a samplesolution from the pharmaceutical composition, b) preparing a diluentsolution comprising methanol and water, c) preparing a standard solutioncomprising pridopidine and the diluent solution, d) preparing aresolution solution comprising pridopidine and the impurity, e)preparing a buffer solution by dissolving ammonium formate in water andadjusting to pH of 9.0±0.10 with aqueous ammonia hydroxide or formicacid, f) injecting into the HPLC the diluent solution, the resolutionsolution, the standard solution, and the sample solution, g) running theHPLC using ultraviolet absorption at 190-400 nm or 268 nm and a mixtureof the buffer solution, methanol and water as the mobile phase, h)determining the retention time (RT) and the areas of the peaks of theimpurity in the chromatograms of the sample solution, and i) performingquantitation of the impurity with respect to the corresponding peaks inthe chromatograms of the sample solution, wherein the impurity isCompound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5 or Compound6.
 94. A method of determining the concentration of an impurity in apharmaceutical composition comprising pridopidine and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, the method comprising, a) preparing a samplesolution from the pharmaceutical composition, b) preparing a diluentsolution comprising methanol and water, c) preparing a standard solutioncomprising the impurity, d) preparing a resolution solution comprisingpridopidine and the impurity, e) preparing a buffer solution bydissolving ammonium formate in water and adjusting to pH of 9.0±0.10with aqueous ammonia hydroxide or formic acid, f) injecting into theHPLC the diluent solution, the resolution solution, the standardsolution, and the sample solution, g) running the HPLC using ultravioletabsorption at 190-400 nm or 268 nm and a mixture of the buffer solution,methanol and water as the mobile phase, h) determining the retentiontime (RT) and the areas of the peaks of the impurity in thechromatograms of the sample solution, and i) performing quantitation ofthe impurity with respect to the corresponding peaks in thechromatograms of the standard solutions, wherein the impurity isCompound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5 or Compound6.
 95. A method of treating a subject afflicted with a neurodegenerativedisease or a neurodegenerative disorder comprising administering to thesubject the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 17-51.
 96. Amethod of treating a subject afflicted with Huntington's diseasecomprising administering to the subject the pharmaceutical compositionof any one of claims 17-51.
 97. A process for validating a batch of apharmaceutical product containing pridopidine or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier fordistribution comprising: a) determining the amount of at least one ofCompound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, and Compound6; and b) validating the batch for distribution only if i) the batch isdetermined to have not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 1, relative to theconcentration of pridopidine, or ii) the batch is determined to have notmore than 0.15 area-% Compound 2, relative to the concentration ofpridopidine, or iii) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15area-% Compound 3, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or iv)the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 4,relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or v) the batch isdetermined to have not more than 0.15 area-% Compound 5, relative to theconcentration of pridopidine, or vi) the batch is determined to have notmore than 0.15 area-% Compound 6, relative to the concentration ofpridopidine.
 98. A process for preparing a validated pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising pridopidine comprising: a) obtaining a batch ofpridopidine drug substance; b) determining the amount of at least one ofCompound 1, Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, and Compound6; and c) preparing the pharmaceutical composition from the batch onlyif i) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15% Compound 1,relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or ii) the batch isdetermined to have not more than 0.15% Compound 2, relative to theconcentration of pridopidine, or iii) the batch is determined to havenot more than 0.15% Compound 3, relative to the concentration ofpridopidine, or iv) the batch is determined to have not more than 0.15%Compound 4, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or v) thebatch is determined to have not more than 0.15% Compound 5, relative tothe concentration of pridopidine, or vi) the batch is determined to havenot more than 0.15% Compound 6, relative to the concentration ofpridopidine.
 99. A process for preparing a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising pridopidine, comprising a) obtaining a batch of pridopidinedrug product; b) performing stability testing with a sample of thebatch; c) determining the total amount of at least one of Compound 1,Compound 2, Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, and Compound 6 in thesample of the batch after stability testing by an HPLC method; and d)preparing the pharmaceutical composition from the batch after stabilitytesting if the sample of the batch after stability testing contains: i)not more than 0.15% Compound 1, relative to the concentration ofpridopidine, or ii) not more than 0.15% Compound 2, relative to theconcentration of pridopidine, or iii) not more than 0.15% Compound 3,relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or iv) not more than 0.15%Compound 4, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, or v) not morethan 0.15% Compound 5, relative to the concentration of pridopidine, orvi) not more than 0.15% Compound 6, relative to the concentration ofpridopidine.
 100. The process of claim 99, further comprising step e)distributing the batch if in step d) the batch is validated fordistribution.
 101. An isolated compound having the structure:

or a salt thereof.